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Machine Learning explainability techniques have been proposed as a means of `explaining' or interrogating a model in order to understand why a particular decision or prediction has been made. Such an ability is especially important at a…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-02-28 Matthew J. Vowels

Presupposition projection in conditionals is central to theories of meaning and pragmatics, yet it remains largely unevaluated in large language models. We address this gap through a parallel behavioral study comparing human judgments and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Tara Azin , Yongan Yu , Raj Singh , Olessia Jouravlev

This article emphasizes that NLP as a science seeks to make inferences about the performance effects that result from applying one method (compared to another method) in the processing of natural language. Yet NLP research in practice…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-09-15 Sandra Wankmüller

In the rapidly evolving field of legal analytics, finding relevant cases and accurately predicting judicial outcomes are challenging because of the complexity of legal language, which often includes specialized terminology, complex syntax,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-01 Dong Shu , Haoran Zhao , Xukun Liu , David Demeter , Mengnan Du , Yongfeng Zhang

Precedential constraint is one foundation of case-based reasoning in AI and Law. It generally assumes that the underlying set of precedents must be consistent. To relax this assumption, a generalized notion of the reason model has been…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-23 Wachara Fungwacharakorn , Gauvain Bourgne , Ken Satoh

In recent years,the entire field of Natural Language Processing (NLP) has enjoyed amazing novel results achieving almost human-like performance on a variety of tasks. Legal NLP domain has also been part of this process, as it has seen an…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-06 Mihai Masala , Traian Rebedea , Horia Velicu

Legal judgment prediction (LJP) has become increasingly important in the legal field. In this paper, we identify that existing large language models (LLMs) have significant problems of insufficient reasoning due to a lack of legal…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-25 Xinyu Yang , Chenlong Deng , Zhicheng Dou

Although a recent shift has been made in the field of predictive process monitoring to use models from the explainable artificial intelligence field, the evaluation still occurs mainly through performance-based metrics, thus not accounting…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-01 Alexander Stevens , Johannes De Smedt

This paper presents a method to analyze the inference patterns used by Large Language Models (LLMs) for judgment in a case study on legal LLMs, so as to identify potential incorrect representations of the LLM, according to human domain…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Lu Chen , Yuxuan Huang , Yixing Li , Dongrui Liu , Qihan Ren , Shuai Zhao , Kun Kuang , Zilong Zheng , Quanshi Zhang

Generative language models (LMs) are increasingly used for document class-prediction tasks and promise enormous improvements in cost and efficiency. Existing research often examines simple classification tasks, but the capability of LMs to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Rosamond Thalken , Edward H. Stiglitz , David Mimno , Matthew Wilkens

Legal syllogism is a form of deductive reasoning commonly used by legal professionals to analyze cases. In this paper, we propose legal syllogism prompting (LoT), a simple prompting method to teach large language models (LLMs) for legal…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-18 Cong Jiang , Xiaolei Yang

Legal Judgment Prediction (LJP) is the task of automatically predicting a law case's judgment results given a text describing its facts, which has excellent prospects in judicial assistance systems and convenient services for the public. In…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-04-24 Nuo Xu , Pinghui Wang , Long Chen , Li Pan , Xiaoyan Wang , Junzhou Zhao

Mainstream methods for Legal Judgment Prediction (LJP) based on Pre-trained Language Models (PLMs) heavily rely on the statistical correlation between case facts and judgment results. This paradigm lacks explicit modeling of legal…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Yuzhi Liang , Lixiang Ma , Xinrong Zhu

Pre-training on large corpora of text enables the language models to acquire a vast amount of factual and commonsense knowledge which allows them to achieve remarkable performance on a variety of language understanding tasks. They typically…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-23 Neeraj Varshney , Mihir Parmar , Nisarg Patel , Divij Handa , Sayantan Sarkar , Man Luo , Chitta Baral

The ubiquity of machine learning based predictive models in modern society naturally leads people to ask how trustworthy those models are? In predictive modeling, it is quite common to induce a trade-off between accuracy and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-04-05 John Mitros , Brian Mac Namee

Applying automated reasoning tools for decision support and analysis in law has the potential to make court decisions more transparent and objective. Since there is often uncertainty about the accuracy and relevance of evidence,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-09-15 Inga Ibs , Nico Potyka

Identifying, classifying, and analyzing arguments in legal discourse has been a prominent area of research since the inception of the argument mining field. However, there has been a major discrepancy between the way natural language…

Legal Judgment Prediction (LJP) is a pivotal task in legal AI. Existing semantic-enhanced LJP models integrate judicial precedents and legal knowledge for high performance. But they neglect legal reasoning logic, a critical component of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Yue Zhang , Zhiliang Tian , Shicheng Zhou , Haiyang Wang , Wenqing Hou , Yuying Liu , Xuechen Zhao , Minlie Huang , Ye Wang , Bin Zhou

Neural networks have recently achieved human-level performance on various challenging natural language processing (NLP) tasks, but it is notoriously difficult to understand why a neural network produced a particular prediction. In this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-05-01 Sharan Narang , Colin Raffel , Katherine Lee , Adam Roberts , Noah Fiedel , Karishma Malkan

The advent of machine learning techniques has made it possible to obtain predictive systems that have overturned traditional legal practices. However, rather than leading to systems seeking to replace humans, the search for the determinants…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-07-10 Fabrice Muhlenbach , Long Nguyen Phuoc , Isabelle Sayn