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Quantum computing offers unparalleled computational capabilities but faces significant challenges, including limited qubit counts, diverse hardware topologies, and dynamic noise and error rates, which hinder scalability and reliability.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-15 Zefan Du , Pedro Chumpitaz Flores , Wenqi Wei , Juntao Chen , Kaixun Hua , Ying Mao

Quantum computers represent a radical technological advancement in the way information is processed by using the principles of quantum mechanics to solve very complex problems that exceed the capabilities of classical systems. However, in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-28 Marcos Guillermo Lammers , Federico Hernán Holik , Alejandro Fernández

This is an introduction to software methods of quantum fault tolerance. Broadly speaking, these methods describe strategies for using the noisy hardware components of a quantum computer to perform computations while continually monitoring…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-12-06 Panos Aliferis

Digital quantum computers promise exponential speedups in performing quantum time-evolution, providing an opportunity to simulate quantum dynamics of complex systems in physics and chemistry. However, the task of extracting desired quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-10 Chong Hian Chee , Daniel Leykam , Adrian M. Mak , Kishor Bharti , Dimitris G. Angelakis

Quantum reservoir computing is an emerging field in machine learning with quantum systems. While classical reservoir computing has proven to be a capable concept of enabling machine learning on real, complex dynamical systems with many…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-12-14 Niclas Götting , Frederik Lohof , Christopher Gies

Despite the increasing interest in quantum computing, the aspect of development to achieve cost-effective and reliable quantum software applications has been slow. One barrier is the software engineering of quantum programs, which can be…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-08-15 Majid Haghparast , Tommi Mikkonen , Jukka K. Nurminen , Vlad Stirbu

Quantum error mitigation has been proposed as a means to combat unwanted and unavoidable errors in near-term quantum computing without the heavy resource overheads required by fault tolerant schemes. Recently, error mitigation has been…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-10-15 Yihui Quek , Daniel Stilck França , Sumeet Khatri , Johannes Jakob Meyer , Jens Eisert

The implementation of large-scale fault-tolerant quantum computers calls for the integration of millions of physical qubits, with error rates of physical qubits significantly below 1%. This outstanding engineering challenge may benefit from…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2021-12-30 Jeroen Danon , Anasua Chatterjee , András Gyenis , Ferdinand Kuemmeth

I assess the potential of quantum computation. Broad and important applications must be found to justify construction of a quantum computer; I review some of the known quantum algorithms and consider the prospects for finding new ones.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-10-30 John Preskill

The quest for quantum advantage, wherein quantum computers surpass the computational capabilities of classical computers executing state-of-the-art algorithms on well-defined tasks, represents a pivotal race in the domain of quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-08-08 Muhammad AbuGhanem , Hichem Eleuch

The external control circuits of quantum gates inevitably introduce a small but finite noise to the operation of quantum computers. The complex modes of decoherence introduced by this noise are not covered by the common error models. Using…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Jürgen T. Stockburger

Current technological advancements of quantum computers highlight the need for application-driven, practical and well-defined methods of benchmarking their performance. As the existing NISQ device's quality of two-qubit gate errors rate is…

Performance · Computer Science 2023-12-15 Krzysztof Kurowski , Piotr Rydlichowski , Konrad Wojciechowski , Tomasz Pecyna , Mateusz Slysz

Contemporary quantum technologies face major difficulties in fault tolerant quantum computing with error correction, and focus instead on various shades of quantum simulation (Noisy Intermediate Scale Quantum, NISQ) devices, analogue and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-11-06 Joana Fraxanet , Tymoteusz Salamon , Maciej Lewenstein

The use of quantum processing units (QPUs) promises speed-ups for solving computational problems. Yet, current devices are limited by the number of qubits and suffer from significant imperfections, which prevents achieving quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-06-08 Hila Safi , Karen Wintersperger , Wolfgang Mauerer

Quantum data centres (QDCs) could overcome the scalability challenges of modern quantum computers. Single-processor monolithic quantum computers are affected by increased cross talk and difficulty of implementing gates when the number of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-12-20 K. Campbell , A. Lawey , M. Razavi

Challenges at the quantum-classical interface are examined with the goal of architecting a scaled-up quantum computer comprising many thousands of qubits in the solid-state. Separating the distinct sub-systems of the interface that perform…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-12-12 D. J. Reilly

Implementing variational quantum algorithms with noisy intermediate-scale quantum machines of up to a hundred qubits is nowadays considered as one of the most promising routes towards achieving a quantum practical advantage. In multiqubit…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-08-18 Andrey Kardashin , Anastasiia Pervishko , Jacob Biamonte , Dmitry Yudin

Quantum computing holds potential for accelerating the simulation of fluid dynamics. However, hardware noise in the noisy intermediate-scale quantum era significantly distorts simulation accuracy. Although error magnitudes are frequently…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-30 Jiahua Yang , Zhen Lu , Yue Yang

When quantum programs are executed on noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) computers, they experience hardware noise; consequently, the program outputs are often erroneous. To mitigate the adverse effects of hardware noise, it is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-11-21 Tirthak Patel , Daniel Silver , Devesh Tiwari

Discordant states appear in a large number of quantum phenomena and seem to be a good indicator of divergence from classicality. While there is evidence that they are essential for a quantum algorithm to have an advantage over a classical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-10-04 Aharon Brodutch