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Contextual dueling bandits form a cornerstone of preference-based decision-making, with critical applications in recommender systems and large language model alignment. However, standard algorithms rely on the idealized assumption of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Xiangyi Wang , Pingchen Lu , Jie Mao , Mingze Kong , Zhi Hong , Zhiyong Wang , Zhongxiang Dai

In contextual linear bandits, the reward function is assumed to be a linear combination of an unknown reward vector and a given embedding of context-arm pairs. In practice, the embedding is often learned at the same time as the reward…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-20 Andrea Tirinzoni , Matteo Pirotta , Alessandro Lazaric

Treatment allocation under budget constraints is a central challenge in digital advertising: advertisers must decide which users to show ads to while spending a limited budget wisely. The standard approach follows a two-stage offline…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-30 Abhirami Pillai

In this work, we describe practical lessons we have learned from successfully using contextual bandits (CBs) to improve key business metrics of the Microsoft Virtual Agent for customer support. While our current use cases focus on single…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-06-19 Nikos Karampatziakis , Sebastian Kochman , Jade Huang , Paul Mineiro , Kathy Osborne , Weizhu Chen

Contextual Bandit (CB) algorithms are widely adopted for personalized recommendations but often struggle in dynamic environments typical of fantasy sports, where rapid changes in user behavior and dramatic shifts in reward distributions due…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Anupam Agrawal , Rajesh Mohanty , Shamik Bhattacharjee , Abhimanyu Mittal

Complex planning and scheduling problems have long been solved using various optimization or heuristic approaches. In recent years, imitation learning that aims to learn from expert demonstrations has been proposed as a viable alternative…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-24 Qian Shao , Pradeep Varakantham , Shih-Fen Cheng

In many fields such as digital marketing, healthcare, finance, and robotics, it is common to have a well-tested and reliable baseline policy running in production (e.g., a recommender system). Nonetheless, the baseline policy is often…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-02-11 Evrard Garcelon , Mohammad Ghavamzadeh , Alessandro Lazaric , Matteo Pirotta

Contextual dueling bandit is used to model the bandit problems, where a learner's goal is to find the best arm for a given context using observed noisy human preference feedback over the selected arms for the past contexts. However,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-17 Arun Verma , Zhongxiang Dai , Xiaoqiang Lin , Patrick Jaillet , Bryan Kian Hsiang Low

In decision-making problems such as the multi-armed bandit, an agent learns sequentially by optimizing a certain feedback. While the mean reward criterion has been extensively studied, other measures that reflect an aversion to adverse…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-03-28 Patrick Saux , Odalric-Ambrym Maillard

In this paper, we address the stochastic contextual linear bandit problem, where a decision maker is provided a context (a random set of actions drawn from a distribution). The expected reward of each action is specified by the inner…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-05-30 Osama A. Hanna , Lin F. Yang , Christina Fragouli

We formulate a new problem at the intersectionof semi-supervised learning and contextual bandits,motivated by several applications including clini-cal trials and ad recommendations. We demonstratehow Graph Convolutional Network (GCN), a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-26 Sohini Upadhyay , Mikhail Yurochkin , Mayank Agarwal , Yasaman Khazaeni , DjallelBouneffouf

We study a variant of causal contextual bandits where the context is chosen based on an initial intervention chosen by the learner. At the beginning of each round, the learner selects an initial action, depending on which a stochastic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Rahul Madhavan , Aurghya Maiti , Gaurav Sinha , Siddharth Barman

Information-directed sampling (IDS) is a powerful framework for solving bandit problems which has shown strong results in both Bayesian and frequentist settings. However, frequentist IDS, like many other bandit algorithms, requires that one…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-03-10 Piotr M. Suder , Eric Laber

Multi-armed bandit algorithms provide solutions for sequential decision-making where learning takes place by interacting with the environment. In this work, we model a distributed optimization problem as a multi-agent kernelized multi-armed…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-11 Ayush Rai , Shaoshuai Mou

Contextual bandit algorithms are commonly used in digital health to recommend personalized treatments. However, to ensure the effectiveness of the treatments, patients are often requested to take actions that have no immediate benefit to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-14 Kyra Gan , Esmaeil Keyvanshokooh , Xueqing Liu , Susan Murphy

Artificial behavioral agents are often evaluated based on their consistent behaviors and performance to take sequential actions in an environment to maximize some notion of cumulative reward. However, human decision making in real life…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-12-28 Baihan Lin , Guillermo Cecchi , Djallel Bouneffouf , Jenna Reinen , Irina Rish

We consider the problem where M agents collaboratively interact with an instance of a stochastic K-armed contextual bandit, where K>>M. The goal of the agents is to simultaneously minimize the cumulative regret over all the agents over a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-16 Jiabin Lin , Shana Moothedath

Intelligent agents equipped with causal knowledge can optimize their action spaces to avoid unnecessary exploration. The structural causal bandit framework provides a graphical characterization for identifying actions that are unable to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Min Woo Park , Sanghack Lee

Combinatorial online learning is a fundamental task for selecting the optimal action (or super arm) as a combination of base arms in sequential interactions with systems providing stochastic rewards. It is applicable to diverse domains such…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Seockbean Song , Youngsik Yoon , Siwei Wang , Wei Chen , Jungseul Ok

A fundamental challenge in contextual bandits is to develop flexible, general-purpose algorithms with computational requirements no worse than classical supervised learning tasks such as classification and regression. Algorithms based on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-24 Dylan J. Foster , Alexander Rakhlin