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Code auditing is the process of reviewing code with the aim of identifying bugs. Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated promising capabilities for this task without requiring compilation, while also supporting user-friendly…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Jinyao Guo , Chengpeng Wang , Xiangzhe Xu , Zian Su , Xiangyu Zhang

Smart contracts, as a key component of blockchain technology, play a crucial role in ensuring the automation of transactions and adherence to protocol rules. However, smart contracts are susceptible to security vulnerabilities, which, if…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-02-20 Yuying Du , Xueyan Tang

Manufacturing quality audits are pivotal for ensuring high product standards in mass production environments. Traditional auditing processes, however, are labor-intensive and reliant on human expertise, posing challenges in maintaining…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-11 Xu Yao , Xiaoxu Wu , Xi Li , Huan Xu , Chenlei Li , Ping Huang , Si Li , Xiaoning Ma , Jiulong Shan

Large language models (LLMs) have been widely adopted in modern software development lifecycles, where they are increasingly used to automate and assist code generation, significantly improving developer productivity and reducing…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Hoang Long Do , Nasrin Sohrabi , Muneeb Ul Hassan

Smart contracts automate the management of high-value assets, where vulnerabilities can lead to catastrophic financial losses. This challenge is amplified in Large Language Models (LLMs) by two interconnected failures: they operate as…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Lei Yu , Jingyuan Zhang , Xin Wang , Jiajia Ma , Li Yang , Fengjun Zhang

We explore using Large Language Models (LLMs) to generate application code that automates health insurance processes from text-based policies. We target blockchain-based smart contracts as they offer immutability, verifiability,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-10 Inwon Kang , William Van Woensel , Oshani Seneviratne

We introduce SmartEval, a benchmark for systematically evaluating the quality of Solidity smart contracts generated by large language models (LLMs) from natural language specifications. SmartEval provides a corpus of 9,000 generated…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Abhinav Goel , Agostino Capponi , Alfio Gliozzo , Chaitya Shah

Smart Contracts are critical components of blockchain ecosystems, with Solidity as the dominant programming language. While LLMs excel at general-purpose code generation, the unique constraints of Smart Contracts, such as gas consumption,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-11-24 Francesco Salzano , Simone Scalabrino , Rocco Oliveto , Remo Pareschi

Smart contracts play a central role in blockchain systems by encoding financial and operational logic. Still, their susceptibility to subtle security flaws poses significant risks of financial loss and erosion of trust. LLMs create new…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Eduardo Sardenberg , Antonio José Grandson Busson , Daniel de Sousa Moraes , Julio Cesar Duarte , Sérgio Colcher

The introduction of large language models (LLMs) like ChatGPT and Google Palm2 for smart contract generation seems to be the first well-established instance of an AI pair programmer. LLMs have access to a large number of open-source smart…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-08-22 Rabimba Karanjai , Edward Li , Lei Xu , Weidong Shi

The rapid growth of the blockchain ecosystem and the increasing value locked in smart contracts necessitate robust security measures. While languages like Solidity and Move aim to improve smart contract security, vulnerabilities persist.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-21 Rabimba Karanjai , Lei Xu , Weidong Shi

Smart contracts are the backbone of the decentralized web, yet ensuring their functional correctness and security remains a critical challenge. While Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown promise in code generation, they often struggle…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Wei Chen , Zhiyuan Peng , Xin Yin , Chao Ni , Chenhao Ying , Bang Xie , Yuan Luo

Smart contracts are susceptible to being exploited by attackers, especially when facing real-world vulnerabilities. To mitigate this risk, developers often rely on third-party audit services to identify potential vulnerabilities before…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-09-17 Che Wang , Jiashuo Zhang , Jianbo Gao , Libin Xia , Zhi Guan , Zhong Chen

Log-based insider threat detection (ITD) detects malicious user activities by auditing log entries. Recently, large language models (LLMs) with strong common sense knowledge have emerged in the domain of ITD. Nevertheless, diverse activity…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-08-20 Chengyu Song , Linru Ma , Jianming Zheng , Jinzhi Liao , Hongyu Kuang , Lin Yang

Smart contracts on blockchains are prone to diverse security vulnerabilities that can lead to significant financial losses due to their immutable nature. Existing detection approaches often lack flexibility across vulnerability types and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-06 Xing Zhang , Keyu Zhang , Taohong Zhu , Anbang Ruan

Due to the modern relevance of blockchain technology, smart contracts present both substantial risks and benefits. Vulnerabilities within them can trigger a cascade of consequences, resulting in significant losses. Many current papers…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-09-15 Abhinav Jain , Ehan Masud , Michelle Han , Rohan Dhillon , Sumukh Rao , Arya Joshi , Salar Cheema , Saurav Kumar

Business logic vulnerabilities have become one of the most damaging yet least understood classes of smart contract vulnerabilities. Unlike traditional bugs such as reentrancy or arithmetic errors, these vulnerabilities arise from missing or…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Jiaqi Gao , Zijian Zhang , Yuqiang Sun , Ye Liu , Chengwei Liu , Han Liu , Yi Li , Yang Liu

Blockchain smart contracts have catalyzed the development of decentralized applications across various domains, including decentralized finance. However, due to constraints in computational resources and the prevalence of data silos,…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-12-09 Youquan Xian , Xueying Zeng , Duancheng Xuan , Danping Yang , Chunpei Li , Peng Fan , Peng Liu

Smart contract security is paramount, but identifying intricate business logic vulnerabilities remains a persistent challenge because existing solutions consistently fall short: manual auditing is unscalable, static analysis tools are…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Xiaohui Hu , Wun Yu Chan , Yuejie Shi , Qumeng Sun , Wei-Cheng Wang , Chiachih Wu , Haoyu Wang , Ningyu He

Smart contract vulnerabilities have led to billions in losses, yet finding actionable exploits remains challenging. Traditional fuzzers rely on rigid heuristics and struggle with complex attacks, while human auditors are thorough but slow…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Arthur Gervais , Liyi Zhou