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The surge of large language models (LLMs) has driven significant progress in medical applications, including traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). However, current medical LLMs struggle with TCM diagnosis and syndrome differentiation due to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Sibo Wei , Xueping Peng , Yi-Fei Wang , Tao Shen , Jiasheng Si , Weiyu Zhang , Fa Zhu , Athanasios V. Vasilakos , Wenpeng Lu , Xiaoming Wu , Yinglong Wang

This paper explores the application of prompt engineering to enhance the performance of large language models (LLMs) in the domain of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). We propose TCM-Prompt, a framework that integrates various pre-trained…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-28 Yirui Chen , Qinyu Xiao , Jia Yi , Jing Chen , Mengyang Wang

Large language models (LLMs) have performed remarkably well in various natural language processing tasks by benchmarking, including in the Western medical domain. However, the professional evaluation benchmarks for LLMs have yet to be…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Wenjing Yue , Xiaoling Wang , Wei Zhu , Ming Guan , Huanran Zheng , Pengfei Wang , Changzhi Sun , Xin Ma

Pre-training and fine-tuning have emerged as a promising paradigm across various natural language processing (NLP) tasks. The effectiveness of pretrained large language models (LLM) has witnessed further enhancement, holding potential for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-06 Guoxing Yang , Jianyu Shi , Zan Wang , Xiaohong Liu , Guangyu Wang

Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) presents a rich and structurally unique knowledge system that challenges conventional applications of large language models (LLMs). Although previous TCM-specific LLMs have shown progress through…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Jiacheng Xie , Shuai Zeng , Yang Yu , Xiaoting Tang , Guanghui An , Dong Xu

Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), with a history spanning over two millennia, plays a role in global healthcare. However, applying large language models (LLMs) to TCM remains challenging due to its reliance on holistic reasoning, implicit…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Jiacheng Xie , Yang Yu , Yibo Chen , Hanyao Zhang , Lening Zhao , Jiaxuan He , Lei Jiang , Xiaoting Tang , Guanghui An , Dong Xu

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in modern medicine, yet their application in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) remains severely limited by the absence of standardized benchmarks and the scarcity of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-29 Zihao Cheng , Yuheng Lu , Huaiqian Ye , Zeming Liu , Minqi Wang , Jingjing Liu , Zihan Li , Wei Fan , Yuanfang Guo , Ruiji Fu , Shifeng She , Gang Wang , Yunhong Wang

The recently unprecedented advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs) have propelled the medical community by establishing advanced medical-domain models. However, due to the limited collection of medical datasets, there are only a few…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-10 Ping Yu , Kaitao Song , Fengchen He , Ming Chen , Jianfeng Lu

Large language models (LLMs) excel in various NLP tasks and modern medicine, but their evaluation in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is underexplored. To address this, we introduce TCM3CEval, a benchmark assessing LLMs in TCM across…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Tianai Huang , Lu Lu , Jiayuan Chen , Lihao Liu , Junjun He , Yuping Zhao , Wenchao Tang , Jie Xu

In this study, we introduce CT-LLM, a 2B large language model (LLM) that illustrates a pivotal shift towards prioritizing the Chinese language in developing LLMs. Uniquely initiated from scratch, CT-LLM diverges from the conventional…

Large Language Models (LLMs) provide a possibility to make a great breakthrough in medicine. The establishment of a standardized medical benchmark becomes a fundamental cornerstone to measure progression. However, medical environments in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-05 Xidong Wang , Guiming Hardy Chen , Dingjie Song , Zhiyi Zhang , Zhihong Chen , Qingying Xiao , Feng Jiang , Jianquan Li , Xiang Wan , Benyou Wang , Haizhou Li

Recently, the increasing demand for superior medical services has highlighted the discrepancies in the medical infrastructure. With big data, especially texts, forming the foundation of medical services, there is an exigent need for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-17 Yuanhe Tian , Ruyi Gan , Yan Song , Jiaxing Zhang , Yongdong Zhang

As the capabilities of large language models (LLMs) continue to advance, evaluating their performance becomes increasingly crucial and challenging. This paper aims to bridge this gap by introducing CMMLU, a comprehensive Chinese benchmark…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-19 Haonan Li , Yixuan Zhang , Fajri Koto , Yifei Yang , Hai Zhao , Yeyun Gong , Nan Duan , Timothy Baldwin

Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is a holistic medical system with millennia of accumulated clinical experience, playing a vital role in global healthcare-particularly across East Asia. However, the implicit reasoning, diverse textual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Shufeng Kong , Xingru Yang , Yuanyuan Wei , Zijie Wang , Hao Tang , Jiuqi Qin , Shuting Lan , Yingheng Wang , Junwen Bai , Zhuangbin Chen , Zibin Zheng , Caihua Liu , Hao Liang

Integrating large language models (LLMs) into healthcare holds great potential but faces challenges. Pre-training LLMs from scratch for domains like medicine is resource-heavy and often unfeasible. On the other hand, sole reliance on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-18 Qichen Ye , Junling Liu , Dading Chong , Peilin Zhou , Yining Hua , Fenglin Liu , Meng Cao , Ziming Wang , Xuxin Cheng , Zhu Lei , Zhenhua Guo

No previous work has studied the performance of Large Language Models (LLMs) in the context of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), an essential and distinct branch of medical knowledge with a rich history. To bridge this gap, we present a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-15 Li Yizhen , Huang Shaohan , Qi Jiaxing , Quan Lei , Han Dongran , Luan Zhongzhi

Although large language models perform well in understanding and responding to user intent, their performance in specialized domains such as Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) remains limited due to lack of expertise. In addition,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Song Yu , Xiaofei Xu , Fangfei Xu , Li Li

Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), as an effective alternative medicine, has been receiving increasing attention. In recent years, the rapid development of large language models (LLMs) tailored for TCM has highlighted the urgent need for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Jiacheng Xie , Yang Yu , Ziyang Zhang , Shuai Zeng , Jiaxuan He , Ayush Vasireddy , Xiaoting Tang , Congyu Guo , Lening Zhao , Congcong Jing , Guanghui An , Dong Xu

Biomedical language understanding benchmarks are the driving forces for artificial intelligence applications with large language model (LLM) back-ends. However, most current benchmarks: (a) are limited to English which makes it challenging…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Wei Zhu , Xiaoling Wang , Huanran Zheng , Mosha Chen , Buzhou Tang

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable success across a wide range of natural language processing tasks, yet their performance remains heavily biased toward high-resource languages. Tibetan, despite its cultural significance…

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