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The motivation of this work is to improve the performance of standard stacking approaches or ensembles, which are composed of simple, heterogeneous base models, through the integration of the generation and selection stages for regression…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2014-03-31 Roberto Aldave , Jean-Pierre Dussault

Tool-Integrated Reasoning (TIR) with search engines enables large language models to iteratively retrieve up-to-date external knowledge, enhancing adaptability and generalization in complex question-answering tasks. However, existing search…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Yaocheng Zhang , Haohuan Huang , Zijun Song , Yuanheng Zhu , Qichao Zhang , Zijie Zhao , Dongbin Zhao

Test-time training (TTT) adapts language models through gradient-based updates at inference. But is adaptation the right strategy? We study compute-optimal test-time strategies for verifiable execution-grounded (VEG) tasks, domains like GPU…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Jarrod Barnes

Data selection for finetuning Large Language Models (LLMs) can be framed as a budget-constrained optimization problem: maximizing a model's downstream performance under a strict training data budget. Solving this problem is generally…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Animesh Jha , Harshit Gupta , Ananjan Nandi

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly integrated into software applications. Downstream application developers often access LLMs through APIs provided as a service. However, LLM APIs are often updated silently and scheduled to be…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-02-08 Wanqin Ma , Chenyang Yang , Christian Kästner

Despite their success in many natural language tasks, solving math problems remains a significant challenge for large language models (LLMs). A large gap exists between LLMs' pass-at-one and pass-at-N performance in solving math problems,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-17 Yixin Liu , Avi Singh , C. Daniel Freeman , John D. Co-Reyes , Peter J. Liu

In this work, we show a methodology aimed to improve the quality of the assessment process for subjects related to basic programming. The method takes into account the relevance of the items and the students answers to follow different…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2014-03-07 P. Molins-Ruano , C. González-Sacristán , F. Díez , P. Rodriguez , G. M. Sacha

Large language models require continuous adaptation to new tasks while preserving safety alignment. However, fine-tuning on even benign data often compromises safety behaviors, including refusal of harmful requests, truthfulness, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Thong Bach , Dung Nguyen , Thao Minh Le , Truyen Tran

Unit testing is crucial for software development and maintenance. Effective unit testing ensures and improves software quality, but writing unit tests is time-consuming and labor-intensive. Recent studies have proposed deep learning (DL)…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-02-21 Junwei Zhang , Xing Hu , Shan Gao , Xin Xia , David Lo , Shanping Li

Many software systems originate as prototypes or minimum viable products (MVPs), developed with an emphasis on delivery speed and responsiveness to changing requirements rather than long-term code maintainability. While effective for rapid…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-06 Ema Smolic , Mario Brcic , Luka Hobor , Mihael Kovac

Large Language Models (LLMs) have the unique capability to understand and generate human-like text from input queries. When fine-tuned, these models show enhanced performance on domain-specific queries. OpenAI highlights the process of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Scott Barnett , Zac Brannelly , Stefanus Kurniawan , Sheng Wong

Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) face challenges during deployment due to covariate shift, i.e., data distribution shifts between development and deployment contexts. Fine-tuning adapts pre-trained models to new contexts requiring smaller…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Amin Abbasishahkoo , Mahboubeh Dadkhah , Lionel Briand , Dayi Lin

Automatic test generation aims to save developers time and effort by producing test suites with reasonably high coverage and fault detection. However, the focus of search-based generation tools in maximizing coverage leaves other…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-04-11 Geraldine Galindo-Gutierrez

Testing deep learning-based systems is crucial but challenging due to the required time and labor for labeling collected raw data. To alleviate the labeling effort, multiple test selection methods have been proposed where only a subset of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-03 Qiang Hu , Yuejun Guo , Xiaofei Xie , Maxime Cordy , Wei Ma , Mike Papadakis , Yves Le Traon

This paper addresses the challenges of efficiently fine-tuning large language models (LLMs) by exploring data efficiency and hyperparameter optimization. We investigate the minimum data required for effective fine-tuning and propose a novel…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-22 Michael Oliver , Guan Wang

Flaky tests exhibit non-deterministic behavior during execution and they may pass or fail without any changes to the program under test. Detecting and classifying these flaky tests is crucial for maintaining the robustness of automated test…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-02-06 Riddhi More , Jeremy S. Bradbury

We investigate an application in the automatic tuning of computer codes, an area of research that has come to prominence alongside the recent rise of distributed scientific processing and heterogeneity in high-performance computing…

Applications · Statistics 2013-04-17 Robert B. Gramacy , Matt Taddy , Stefan M. Wild

The development of large, software-intensive systems is a complex undertaking that we generally tackle by a divide and conquer strategy. Companies thereby face the challenge of coordinating individual aspects of software development, in…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-08-16 Michael Unterkalmsteiner , Tony Gorschek , Robert Feldt , Eriks Klotins

Software testing is one of the important ways to ensure the quality of software. It is found that testing cost more than 50% of overall project cost. Effective and efficient software testing utilizes the minimum resources of software.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-09-01 Ali Nawaz , Attique Ur Rehman , Muhammad Abbas

Automated regression test generation has been extensively explored, yet generating high-quality tests for Python programs remains particularly challenging. Because of the Python's dynamic typing features, existing approaches, ranging from…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-23 Runlin Liu , Zhe Zhang , Yunge Hu , Yuhang Lin , Xiang Gao , Hailong Sun