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Large language models have made tremendous progress in recent years, but low-resource languages, like Tibetan, remain significantly underrepresented in their evaluation. Despite Tibetan being spoken by over seven million people, it has…

Privacy policies provide individuals with information about their rights and how their personal information is handled. Natural language understanding (NLU) technologies can support individuals and practitioners to understand better privacy…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-15 Jianfeng Chi , Wasi Uddin Ahmad , Yuan Tian , Kai-Wei Chang

Laws and their interpretations, legal arguments and agreements\ are typically expressed in writing, leading to the production of vast corpora of legal text. Their analysis, which is at the center of legal practice, becomes increasingly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-09 Ilias Chalkidis , Abhik Jana , Dirk Hartung , Michael Bommarito , Ion Androutsopoulos , Daniel Martin Katz , Nikolaos Aletras

In this work, we introduce skLEP, the first comprehensive benchmark specifically designed for evaluating Slovak natural language understanding (NLU) models. We have compiled skLEP to encompass nine diverse tasks that span token-level,…

To address the need for a more comprehensive evaluation of French Natural Language Understanding (NLU), we introduce COLE, a new benchmark composed of 23 diverse task covering a broad range of NLU capabilities, including sentiment analysis,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-08 David Beauchemin , Yan Tremblay , Mohamed Amine Youssef , Richard Khoury

Vietnamese, the 20th most spoken language with over 102 million native speakers, lacks robust resources for key natural language processing tasks such as text segmentation and machine reading comprehension (MRC). To address this gap, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Toan Nguyen Hai , Ha Nguyen Viet , Truong Quan Xuan , Duc Do Minh

The rapid advancement of large language models (LLMs) necessitates the development of new benchmarks to accurately assess their capabilities. To address this need for Vietnamese, this work aims to introduce ViLLM-Eval, the comprehensive…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-19 Trong-Hieu Nguyen , Anh-Cuong Le , Viet-Cuong Nguyen

Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) have underscored their importance in the evolution of artificial intelligence. However, despite extensive pretraining on multilingual datasets, available open-sourced LLMs exhibit limited…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Sang T. Truong , Duc Q. Nguyen , Toan Nguyen , Dong D. Le , Nhi N. Truong , Tho Quan , Sanmi Koyejo

Recently, there has been an increasing number of efforts to introduce models capable of generating natural language explanations (NLEs) for their predictions on vision-language (VL) tasks. Such models are appealing, because they can provide…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-08-19 Maxime Kayser , Oana-Maria Camburu , Leonard Salewski , Cornelius Emde , Virginie Do , Zeynep Akata , Thomas Lukasiewicz

A method for creating a vision-and-language (V&L) model is to extend a language model through structural modifications and V&L pre-training. Such an extension aims to make a V&L model inherit the capability of natural language understanding…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-24 Taichi Iki , Akiko Aizawa

Evaluating the performance of various model architectures, such as transformers, large language models (LLMs), and other NLP systems, requires comprehensive benchmarks that measure performance across multiple dimensions. Among these, the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-29 Duygu Altinok

Natural Language Understanding (NLU) is a basic task in Natural Language Processing (NLP). The evaluation of NLU capabilities has become a trending research topic that attracts researchers in the last few years, resulting in the development…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Khloud AL Jallad , Nada Ghneim , Ghaida Rebdawi

Over 97 million people speak Vietnamese as their native language in the world. However, there are few research studies on machine reading comprehension (MRC) for Vietnamese, the task of understanding a text and answering questions related…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-11-10 Kiet Van Nguyen , Duc-Vu Nguyen , Anh Gia-Tuan Nguyen , Ngan Luu-Thuy Nguyen

The development of natural language processing (NLP) in general and machine reading comprehension in particular has attracted the great attention of the research community. In recent years, there are a few datasets for machine reading…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-14 Phong Nguyen-Thuan Do , Nhat Duy Nguyen , Tin Van Huynh , Kiet Van Nguyen , Anh Gia-Tuan Nguyen , Ngan Luu-Thuy Nguyen

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in code understanding and generation. However, their effectiveness on non-code Software Engineering (SE) tasks remains underexplored. We present 'Software Engineering…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Fabian C. Peña , Steffen Herbold

With the rapid development of natural language processing, many language models have been invented for multiple tasks. One important task is information retrieval (IR), which requires models to retrieve relevant documents. Despite its…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Phu-Vinh Nguyen , Minh-Nam Tran , Long Nguyen , Dien Dinh

The rapid advancement of large language models (LLMs) has enabled new possibilities for applying artificial intelligence within the legal domain. Nonetheless, the complexity, hierarchical organization, and frequent revisions of Vietnamese…

In the last year, new models and methods for pretraining and transfer learning have driven striking performance improvements across a range of language understanding tasks. The GLUE benchmark, introduced a little over one year ago, offers a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-02-14 Alex Wang , Yada Pruksachatkun , Nikita Nangia , Amanpreet Singh , Julian Michael , Felix Hill , Omer Levy , Samuel R. Bowman

Visual Question Answering (VQA) is a fundamental multimodal task that requires models to jointly understand visual and textual information. Early VQA systems relied heavily on language biases, motivating subsequent work to emphasize visual…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Nguyen Anh Tuong , Phan Ba Duc , Nguyen Trung Quoc , Tran Dac Thinh , Dang Duy Lan , Nguyen Quoc Thinh , Tung Le

Building machine learning models for natural language understanding (NLU) tasks relies heavily on labeled data. Weak supervision has been proven valuable when large amount of labeled data is unavailable or expensive to obtain. Existing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-24 Guoqing Zheng , Giannis Karamanolakis , Kai Shu , Ahmed Hassan Awadallah