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Relational databases are foundational to numerous domains, including business intelligence, scientific research, and enterprise systems. However, accessing and analyzing structured data often requires proficiency in SQL, which is a skill…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-07-10 Luyu Qiu , Jianing Li , Chi Su , Lei Chen

Large language models (LLMs) with in-context learning have demonstrated remarkable capability in the text-to-SQL task. Previous research has prompted LLMs with various demonstration-retrieval strategies and intermediate reasoning steps to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-28 Shuaichen Chang , Eric Fosler-Lussier

Interacting with relational databases through natural language helps users of any background easily query and analyze a vast amount of data. This requires a system that understands users' questions and converts them to SQL queries…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-04-27 Tao Yu , Zifan Li , Zilin Zhang , Rui Zhang , Dragomir Radev

In this work, we dive into the fundamental challenges of evaluating Text2SQL solutions and highlight potential failure causes and the potential risks of relying on aggregate metrics in existing benchmarks. We identify two largely…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-05 Cedric Renggli , Ihab F. Ilyas , Theodoros Rekatsinas

Text-to-SQL systems have become crucial for translating natural language into SQL queries in various industries, enabling non-technical users to perform complex data operations. The need for accurate evaluation methods has increased as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Heegyu Kim , Taeyang Jeon , Seunghwan Choi , Seungtaek Choi , Hyunsouk Cho

A practical text-to-SQL system should generalize well on a wide variety of natural language questions, unseen database schemas, and novel SQL query structures. To comprehensively evaluate text-to-SQL systems, we introduce a UNIfied…

Text-to-SQL models have significantly improved with the adoption of Large Language Models (LLMs), leading to their increasing use in real-world applications. Although many benchmarks exist for evaluating the performance of text-to-SQL…

Databases · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Sepideh Abedini , M. Tamer Özsu

Despite strong performance on Text-to-SQL benchmarks, it remains unclear whether LLM-generated SQL programs are structurally reliable. In this work, we investigate the structural behavior of LLM-generated SQL queries and introduce…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Yixi Zhou , Fan Zhang , Zhiqiao Guo , Yu Chen , Haipeng Zhang , Preslav Nakov , Zhuohan Xie

The rise of Large Language Models (LLMs) has significantly advanced Text-to-SQL (NL2SQL) systems, yet evaluating the semantic equivalence of generated SQL remains a challenge, especially given ambiguous user queries and multiple valid SQL…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-12 Qingyun Zeng , Simin Ma , Arash Niknafs , Ashish Basran , Carol Szabo

Recent advances in text-to-SQL systems have been driven by larger models and improved datasets, yet progress is still limited by the scarcity of high-quality training data. Manual data creation is expensive, and existing synthetic methods…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-12 Marko Sterbentz , Kevin Cushing , Cameron Barrie , Kristian J. Hammond

Text-to-SQL generation aims to translate natural language questions into SQL statements. In Text-to-SQL based on large language models, schema linking is a widely adopted strategy to streamline the input for LLMs by selecting only relevant…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-27 Zhenbiao Cao , Yuanlei Zheng , Zhihao Fan , Xiaojin Zhang , Wei Chen , Xiang Bai

Text-to-SQL aims to automate the process of generating SQL queries on a database from natural language text. In this work, we propose "SQLPrompt", tailored to improve the few-shot prompting capabilities of Text-to-SQL for Large Language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-07 Ruoxi Sun , Sercan Ö. Arik , Rajarishi Sinha , Hootan Nakhost , Hanjun Dai , Pengcheng Yin , Tomas Pfister

Large language models (LLMs) consistently achieve strong results on text-to-SQL benchmarks, but their robustness to schema variations remains poorly understood. Recent work suggests that the schema structure matters, but does not provide a…

Databases · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Nitin Kanchinadam , Aditya Menachery , Amol Deshpande

Text-to-SQL has attracted attention from both the natural language processing and database communities because of its ability to convert the semantics in natural language into SQL queries and its practical application in building natural…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-08-23 Naihao Deng , Yulong Chen , Yue Zhang

Text-to-SQL is a subtask in semantic parsing that has seen rapid progress with the evolution of Large Language Models (LLMs). However, LLMs face challenges due to hallucination issues and a lack of domain-specific database knowledge(such as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-26 Xingyu Ma , Xin Tian , Lingxiang Wu , Xuepeng Wang , Xueming Tang , Jinqiao Wang

With the future striving toward data-centric decision-making, seamless access to databases is of utmost importance. There is extensive research on creating an efficient text-to-sql (TEXT2SQL) model to access data from the database. Using a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-08-10 Ayush Kumar , Parth Nagarkar , Prabhav Nalhe , Sanjeev Vijayakumar

Despite the success of large language models (LLMs) in Text-to-SQL tasks, open-source LLMs encounter challenges in contextual understanding and response coherence. To tackle these issues, we present \ours, a systematic methodology tailored…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-14 Xiaojun Chen , Tianle Wang , Tianhao Qiu , Jianbin Qin , Min Yang

Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) have significantly improved performance on the Text-to-SQL task. However, prior approaches typically rely on static, pre-processed database information provided at inference time, which…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Wenxuan Xie , Yaxun Dai , Wenhao Jiang

The rapid advancement of large language models (LLMs) demands robust, unbiased, and scalable evaluation methods. However, human annotations are costly to scale, model-based evaluations are susceptible to stylistic biases, and…

Recent advances in large language models has strengthened Text2SQL systems that translate natural language questions into database queries. A persistent deployment challenge is to assess a newly trained Text2SQL system on an unseen and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Trinh Pham , Thanh Tam Nguyen , Viet Huynh , Hongzhi Yin , Quoc Viet Hung Nguyen