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Pragmatic reasoning, inferring intended meaning beyond literal semantics, underpins everyday communication yet remains difficult for large language models. We present the Contextual Emotional Inference (CEI) Benchmark: 300 human-validated…

Understanding the reason for emotional support response is crucial for establishing connections between users and emotional support dialogue systems. Previous works mostly focus on generating better responses but ignore interpretability,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Tenggan Zhang , Xinjie Zhang , Jinming Zhao , Li Zhou , Qin Jin

Creating agents that can both appropriately respond to conversations and understand complex human linguistic tendencies and social cues has been a long standing challenge in the NLP community. A recent pillar of research revolves around…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-18 Eriq Augustine , Pegah Jandaghi , Alon Albalak , Connor Pryor , Charles Dickens , William Wang , Lise Getoor

The growing emotional stress in modern society has increased the demand for Emotional Support Conversations (ESC). While Large Language Models (LLMs) show promise for ESC, they face two key challenges: (1) low strategy selection accuracy,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-22 Weixiang Zhao , Xingyu Sui , Xinyang Han , Yang Deng , Yulin Hu , Jiahe Guo , Libo Qin , Qianyun Du , Shijin Wang , Yanyan Zhao , Bing Qin , Ting Liu

Developing and integrating emotion-understanding models are essential for a wide range of human-computer interaction tasks, including customer feedback analysis, marketing research, and social media monitoring. Given that users often…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Tadesse Destaw Belay , Dawit Ketema Gete , Abinew Ali Ayele , Olga Kolesnikova , Iqra Ameer , Grigori Sidorov , Seid Muhie Yimam

Recognising emotions in context involves identifying an individual's apparent emotions while considering contextual cues from the surrounding scene. Previous approaches to this task have typically designed explicit scene-encoding…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-16 Alexandros Xenos , Niki Maria Foteinopoulou , Ioanna Ntinou , Ioannis Patras , Georgios Tzimiropoulos

Emotion recognition from human speech is a critical enabler for socially aware conversational AI. However, while most prior work frames emotion recognition as a categorical classification problem, real-world affective states are often…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Hong Jia , Weibin Li , Jingyao Wu , Xiaofeng Yu , Yan Gao , Jintao Cheng , Xiaoyu Tang , Feng Xia , Ting Dang

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in human-centric applications, yet they often fail to provide substantive emotional support. While Reinforcement Learning (RL) has been utilized to enhance empathy of LLMs, existing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-19 Chengbing Wang , Wuqiang Zheng , Yang Zhang , Fengbin Zhu , Junyi Cheng , Yi Xie , Wenjie Wang , Fuli Feng

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable performance across various information-seeking and reasoning tasks. These computational systems drive state-of-the-art dialogue systems, such as ChatGPT and Bard. They also carry…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-13 Siyuan Brandon Loh , Aravind Sesagiri Raamkumar

Large audio-language models (LALMs) extend text-based LLMs with auditory understanding, offering new opportunities for multimodal applications. While their perception, reasoning, and task performance have been widely studied, their safety…

Large language models (LLMs) and their variants have shown extraordinary efficacy across numerous downstream natural language processing (NLP) tasks, which has presented a new vision for the development of NLP. Despite their remarkable…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-18 Yazhou Zhang , Mengyao Wang , Youxi Wu , Prayag Tiwari , Qiuchi Li , Benyou Wang , Jing Qin

Emotion Recognition in Conversation (ERC) is critical for enabling natural human-machine interactions. However, existing methods predominantly employ categorical or dimensional emotion annotations, which often fail to adequately represent…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Yoshiki Tanaka , Ryuichi Uehara , Koji Inoue , Michimasa Inaba

The advent of large language models (LLMs) has gained tremendous attention over the past year. Previous studies have shown the astonishing performance of LLMs not only in other tasks but also in emotion recognition in terms of accuracy,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Liyizhe Peng , Zixing Zhang , Tao Pang , Jing Han , Huan Zhao , Hao Chen , Björn W. Schuller

With strong expressive capabilities in Large Language Models(LLMs), generative models effectively capture sentiment structures and deep semantics, however, challenges remain in fine-grained sentiment classification across multi-lingual and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-28 Jie Wang , Yichen Wang , Zhilin Zhang , Jianhao Zeng , Kaidi Wang , Zhiyang Chen

Emotional Support Conversation (ESC) aims to assist individuals experiencing distress by generating empathetic and supportive dialogue. While prior work typically assumes that each supporter turn corresponds to a single strategy, real-world…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Jie Zhu , Huaixia Dou , Junhui Li , Lifan Guo , Feng Chen , Jinsong Su , Chi Zhang , Fang Kong

Emotional Intelligence (EI) is a critical yet underexplored dimension in the development of human-aligned LLMs. To address this gap, we introduce a unified, psychologically grounded four-layer taxonomy of EI tailored for large language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-11 Nizi Nazar , Ehsaneddin Asgari

Emotion is essential in spoken communication, yet most existing frameworks in speech emotion modeling rely on predefined categories or low-dimensional continuous attributes, which offer limited expressive capacity. Recent advances in speech…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-07 Tianhua Qi , Wenming Zheng , Björn W. Schuller , Zhaojie Luo , Haizhou Li

Affective Computing (AC) is essential for advancing Artificial General Intelligence (AGI), with emotion recognition serving as a key component. However, human emotions are inherently dynamic, influenced not only by an individual's…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-31 Yupei Li , Qiyang Sun , Sunil Munthumoduku Krishna Murthy , Emran Alturki , Björn W. Schuller

Audio Large Language Models (AudioLLMs) have achieved strong results in semantic tasks like speech recognition and translation, but remain limited in modeling paralinguistic cues such as emotion. Existing approaches often treat emotion…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Wenyu Zhang , Yingxu He , Geyu Lin , Zhuohan Liu , Shuo Sun , Bin Wang , Xunlong Zou , Jeremy H. M. Wong , Qiongqiong Wang , Hardik B. Sailor , Nancy F. Chen , Ai Ti Aw

Emotion cognition in large language models (LLMs) is crucial for enhancing performance across various applications, such as social media, human-computer interaction, and mental health assessment. We explore the current landscape of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-23 Yuyan Chen , Yanghua Xiao