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Semi-supervised learning (SSL) aims to improve performance by exploiting unlabeled data when labels are scarce. Conventional SSL studies typically assume close environments where important factors (e.g., label, feature, distribution)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-25 Lan-Zhe Guo , Lin-Han Jia , Jie-Jing Shao , Yu-Feng Li

Semi-supervised learning (SSL) has been widely explored in recent years, and it is an effective way of leveraging unlabeled data to reduce the reliance on labeled data. In this work, we adjust neural processes (NPs) to the semi-supervised…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-06-27 Jianfeng Wang , Xiaolin Hu , Thomas Lukasiewicz

Deep neural networks have been widely used in communication signal recognition and achieved remarkable performance, but this superiority typically depends on using massive examples for supervised learning, whereas training a deep neural…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-11-15 Weidong Wang , Hongshu Liao , Lu Gan

Semi-supervised learning (SSL) has demonstrated high performance in image classification tasks by effectively utilizing both labeled and unlabeled data. However, existing SSL methods often suffer from poor calibration, with models yielding…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Mehrab Mustafy Rahman , Jayanth Mohan , Tiberiu Sosea , Cornelia Caragea

State-of-the-art (SOTA) semi-supervised learning (SSL) methods have been highly successful in leveraging a mix of labeled and unlabeled data by combining techniques of consistency regularization and pseudo-labeling. During pseudo-labeling,…

Semi-supervised machine learning (SSL) is gaining popularity as it reduces the cost of training ML models. It does so by using very small amounts of (expensive, well-inspected) labeled data and large amounts of (cheap, non-inspected)…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-11-02 Virat Shejwalkar , Lingjuan Lyu , Amir Houmansadr

While semi-supervised learning (SSL) algorithms provide an efficient way to make use of both labelled and unlabelled data, they generally struggle when the number of annotated samples is very small. In this work, we consider the problem of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-04-23 Sylvestre-Alvise Rebuffi , Sebastien Ehrhardt , Kai Han , Andrea Vedaldi , Andrew Zisserman

The advancement of deep learning has greatly improved supervised image classification. However, labeling data is costly, prompting research into unsupervised learning methods such as contrastive learning. In real-world scenarios, fully…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Shogo Nakayama , Masahiro Okuda

Semi-Supervised Learning (SSL) is important for reducing the annotation cost for medical image segmentation models. State-of-the-art SSL methods such as Mean Teacher, FixMatch and Cross Pseudo Supervision (CPS) are mainly based on…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Weiren Zhao , Lanfeng Zhong , Xin Liao , Wenjun Liao , Sichuan Zhang , Shaoting Zhang , Guotai Wang

Semi-supervised learning (SSL) has witnessed great progress with various improvements in the self-training framework with pseudo labeling. The main challenge is how to distinguish high-quality pseudo labels against the confirmation bias.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-21 Siyuan Li , Weiyang Jin , Zedong Wang , Fang Wu , Zicheng Liu , Cheng Tan , Stan Z. Li

Semi-supervised learning (SSL) is a class of supervised learning tasks and techniques that also exploits the unlabeled data for training. SSL significantly reduces labeling related costs and is able to handle large data sets. The primary…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-06-30 Eftychios Protopapadakis

Minimizing prediction uncertainty on unlabeled data is a key factor to achieve good performance in semi-supervised learning (SSL). The prediction uncertainty is typically expressed as the \emph{entropy} computed by the transformed…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-16 Jing Li , Yuangang Pan , Ivor W. Tsang

Semi-supervised learning (SSL) is a popular setting aiming to effectively utilize unlabelled data to improve model performance in downstream natural language processing (NLP) tasks. Currently, there are two popular approaches to make use of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-23 Zhengxiang Shi , Francesco Tonolini , Nikolaos Aletras , Emine Yilmaz , Gabriella Kazai , Yunlong Jiao

Semi-supervised learning (SSL) provides a powerful framework for leveraging unlabeled data when labels are limited or expensive to obtain. SSL algorithms based on deep neural networks have recently proven successful on standard benchmark…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-05-28 Jiaxing Wang , Yin Zheng , Xiaoshuang Chen , Junzhou Huang , Jian Cheng

The premise of semi-supervised learning (SSL) is that combining labeled and unlabeled data yields significantly more accurate models. Despite empirical successes, the theoretical understanding of SSL is still far from complete. In this…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-09-06 Eyar Azar , Boaz Nadler

Semi-supervised learning (SSL) constructs classifiers using both labelled and unlabelled data. It leverages information from labelled samples, whose acquisition is often costly or labour-intensive, together with unlabelled data to enhance…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-12-29 Jinran Wu , You-Gan Wang , Geoffrey J. McLachlan

The critical challenge of Semi-Supervised Learning (SSL) is how to effectively leverage the limited labeled data and massive unlabeled data to improve the model's generalization performance. In this paper, we first revisit the popular…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-16 Hao Chen , Ran Tao , Yue Fan , Yidong Wang , Jindong Wang , Bernt Schiele , Xing Xie , Bhiksha Raj , Marios Savvides

Semi-Supervised Learning (SSL) has achieved great success in overcoming the difficulties of labeling and making full use of unlabeled data. However, SSL has a limited assumption that the numbers of samples in different classes are balanced,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-02-18 Minsung Hyun , Jisoo Jeong , Nojun Kwak

While semi-supervised learning (SSL) has proven to be a promising way for leveraging unlabeled data when labeled data is scarce, the existing SSL algorithms typically assume that training class distributions are balanced. However, these SSL…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-14 Jaehyung Kim , Youngbum Hur , Sejun Park , Eunho Yang , Sung Ju Hwang , Jinwoo Shin

Semi-supervised learning (SSL) is the branch of machine learning that aims to improve learning performance by leveraging unlabeled data when labels are insufficient. Recently, SSL with deep models has proven to be successful on standard…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-15 Lan-Zhe Guo , Zhi Zhou , Yu-Feng Li