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Most research using machine learning (ML) for network intrusion detection systems (NIDS) uses well-established datasets such as KDD-CUP99, NSL-KDD, UNSW-NB15, and CICIDS-2017. In this context, the possibilities of machine learning…

Software developing small and medium enterprises (SMEs) play a crucial role as suppliers to larger corporations and public administration. It is therefore necessary for them to be able to demonstrate that their products meet certain…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-03-07 Raha Asadi , Bodil Biering , Vincent van Dijk , Oksana Kulyk , Elda Paja

Purpose: An essential component of an organisation's cybersecurity strategy is building awareness and education of online threats, and how to protect corporate data and services. This research article focuses on this topic and proposes a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-08-23 Maria Bada , Jason R. C. Nurse

The rapid expansion of varied network systems, including the Internet of Things (IoT) and Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), has led to an increasing range of cyber threats. Ensuring robust protection against these threats necessitates…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-03-19 Md. Ashraf Uddin , Sunil Aryal , Mohamed Reda Bouadjenek , Muna Al-Hawawreh , Md. Alamin Talukder

In modern IT systems and computer networks, real-time and offline event log analysis is a crucial part of cyber security monitoring. In particular, event log analysis techniques are essential for the timely detection of cyber attacks and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Risto Vaarandi , Hayretdin Bahsi

The UK Critical National Infrastructure is critically dependent on digital technologies that provide communications, monitoring, control, and decision-support functionalities. Digital technologies are progressively enhancing efficiency,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-08-18 Uchenna D Ani , Jeremy D McK Watson , Nilufer Tuptuk , Steve Hailes , Madeline Carr , Carsten Maple

The widespread integration of Internet of Things (IoT) devices across all facets of life has ushered in an era of interconnectedness, creating new avenues for cybersecurity challenges and underscoring the need for robust intrusion detection…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-09-29 Yasir Ali Farrukh , Syed Wali , Irfan Khan , Nathaniel D. Bastian

The emergence of quantum computing and related technologies presents opportunities for enhancing network security. The transition towards quantum computational power paves the way for creating strategies to mitigate the constantly advancing…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-11-08 Diego Abreu , Christian Esteve Rothenberg , Antonio Abelem

Security has always been a critical issue in machine learning (ML) applications. Due to the high cost of model training -- such as collecting relevant samples, labeling data, and consuming computing power -- model-stealing attack is one of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-10-17 Zhepeng Wang , Jinyang Li , Zhirui Hu , Blake Gage , Elizabeth Iwasawa , Weiwen Jiang

The exponential growth of cyber threat knowledge, exemplified by the expansion of databases such as MITRE-CVE and NVD, poses significant challenges for cyber threat analysis. Security professionals are increasingly burdened by the sheer…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Xiaoqun Liu , Jiacheng Liang , Qiben Yan , Jiyong Jang , Sicheng Mao , Muchao Ye , Jinyuan Jia , Zhaohan Xi

As cyber threats grow in complexity and scale, many security incidents remain poorly managed due to the lack of proper training among C-level executives. Thus, there is a need for targeted cybersecurity education to enhance executive…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-19 Diego Cabuya-Padilla , Daniel Díaz-López , Carlos Castaneda-Marroquín

Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) are increasingly vulnerable to cyber threats due to limited resources and cybersecurity expertise, in addition to an increasingly hostile cyber threat environment at national and international levels.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-08-30 Miriam Curtin , Brian Sheehan , Melanie Gruben , Nikoletta Kozma , Gillian O'Carroll , Hazel Murray

Machine learning has brought significant advances in cybersecurity, particularly in the development of Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS). These improvements are mainly attributed to the ability of machine learning algorithms to identify…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-23 Sabrine Ennaji , Fabio De Gaspari , Dorjan Hitaj , Alicia Kbidi , Luigi V. Mancini

Log-based insider threat detection (ITD) detects malicious user activities by auditing log entries. Recently, large language models (LLMs) with strong common sense knowledge have emerged in the domain of ITD. Nevertheless, diverse activity…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-08-20 Chengyu Song , Linru Ma , Jianming Zheng , Jinzhi Liao , Hongyu Kuang , Lin Yang

In the field of crisis/disaster informatics, social media is increasingly being used for improving situational awareness to inform response and relief efforts. Efficient and accurate text classification tools have been a focal area of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-08 Kai Yin , Bo Li , Chengkai Liu , Ali Mostafavi , Xia Hu

As the shortage of skilled workers continues to be a pressing issue, exacerbated by demographic change, it is becoming a critical challenge for organizations to preserve the knowledge of retiring experts and to pass it on to novices. While…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-05-16 Philipp Spitzer , Niklas Kühl , Daniel Heinz , Gerhard Satzger

FinTechs increasing connectivity, rapid innovation, and reliance on global digital infrastructures present significant cybersecurity challenges. Traditional cybersecurity frameworks often struggle to identify and prioritize sector-specific…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Khondokar Fida Hasan , Hasibul Hossain Shajeeb , Chathura Abeydeera , Benjamin Turnbull , Matthew Warren

SMEs constitute a very large part of the economy in every country and they play an important role in economic growth and social development. SMEs are frequent targets of cybersecurity attacks similar to large enterprises. However, unlike…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-07-06 Bilge Yigit Ozkan , Marco Spruit

The advent of Large Language Models (LLMs) has revolutionized various applications by providing advanced natural language processing capabilities. However, this innovation introduces new cybersecurity challenges. This paper explores the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Stephen Burabari Tete

Several recent works have argued that Large Language Models (LLMs) can be used to tame the data deluge in the cybersecurity field, by improving the automation of Cyber Threat Intelligence (CTI) tasks. This work presents an evaluation…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Emanuele Mezzi , Fabio Massacci , Katja Tuma