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This is the first survey of the active area of AI research that focuses on privacy issues in Large Language Models (LLMs). Specifically, we focus on work that red-teams models to highlight privacy risks, attempts to build privacy into the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-03 Seth Neel , Peter Chang

Open-generation bias benchmarks evaluate social biases in Large Language Models (LLMs) by analyzing their outputs. However, the classifiers used in analysis often have inherent biases, leading to unfair conclusions. This study examines such…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Nathaniel Demchak , Xin Guan , Zekun Wu , Ziyi Xu , Adriano Koshiyama , Emre Kazim

Recently, Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated a superior ability to serve as ranking models. However, concerns have arisen as LLMs will exhibit discriminatory ranking behaviors based on users' sensitive attributes (\eg gender).…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-09-26 Chen Xu , Wenjie Wang , Yuxin Li , Liang Pang , Jun Xu , Tat-Seng Chua

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used for everyday communication tasks, including drafting interpersonal messages intended to influence and persuade. Prior work has shown that LLMs can successfully persuade humans and amplify…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-12 Amalie Brogaard Pauli , Maria Barrett , Max Müller-Eberstein , Isabelle Augenstein , Ira Assent

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in high-stakes domains such as clinical decision support and medical documentation. However, the robustness of these models against subtle linguistic variations, specifically…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Jen-tse Huang , Didi Zhou , Faith Kamau , Amy Oh , Anne R. Links , Mark Dredze , Mary Catherine Beach , Somnath Saha

Despite the recent strides in large language models, studies have underscored the existence of social biases within these systems. In this paper, we delve into the validation and comparison of the ethical biases of LLMs concerning globally…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-03 Seunguk Yu , Juhwan Choi , Youngbin Kim

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly being used in user-facing applications, from providing medical consultations to job interview advice. Recent research suggests that these models are becoming increasingly proficient at inferring…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Matthew Kearney , Reuben Binns , Yarin Gal

Do large language models (LLMs) exhibit sociodemographic biases, even when they decline to respond? To bypass their refusal to "speak," we study this research question by probing contextualized embeddings and exploring whether this bias is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-01 Raphael Tang , Xinyu Zhang , Jimmy Lin , Ferhan Ture

The surge in popularity of large language models has given rise to concerns about biases that these models could learn from humans. We investigate whether ingroup solidarity and outgroup hostility, fundamental social identity biases known…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Tiancheng Hu , Yara Kyrychenko , Steve Rathje , Nigel Collier , Sander van der Linden , Jon Roozenbeek

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown remarkable capabilities in a multitude of Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks. However, these models are still not immune to limitations such as social biases, especially gender bias. This work…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Divij Bajaj , Yuanyuan Lei , Jonathan Tong , Ruihong Huang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have quickly risen to prominence due to their ability to perform at or close to the state-of-the-art in a variety of fields while handling natural language. An important field of research is the application of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-02-28 Gabriel de Jesus Coelho da Silva , Carlos Becker Westphall

Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit social biases, which can lead to harmful stereotypes and unfair outcomes. We propose \textbf{Multi-Persona Thinking (MPT)}, a simple inference-time framework that reduces social bias by encouraging…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Yuxing Chen , Guoqing Luo , Zijun Wu , Lili Mou

With the evolution of large language models (LLMs), their robustness against individual simple biases has been enhanced. However, we observe that the ensemble of multiple simple biases still exerts a significant adverse impact on LLMs.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Zhouhao Sun , Zhiyuan Kan , Xiao Ding , Li Du , Bibo Cai , Yang Zhao , Bing Qin , Ting Liu

Speech Large Language Models (SpeechLLMs) process spoken input directly, retaining cues such as accent and perceived gender that were previously removed in cascaded pipelines. This introduces speaker identity dependent variation in…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-19 Shree Harsha Bokkahalli Satish , Christoph Minixhofer , Maria Teleki , James Caverlee , Ondřej Klejch , Peter Bell , Gustav Eje Henter , Éva Székely

The rapid deployment of artificial intelligence (AI) models demands a thorough investigation of biases and risks inherent in these models to understand their impact on individuals and society. This study extends the focus of bias evaluation…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-06-12 Katelyn X. Mei , Sonia Fereidooni , Aylin Caliskan

Alignment tuning has enabled large language models to excel in reasoning, instruction-following, and minimizing harmful generations. However, despite their widespread deployment, these models exhibit a monolingual bias, raising concerns…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-04 Nikhil Verma , Manasa Bharadwaj

Social biases such as gender or racial biases have been reported in language models (LMs), including Masked Language Models (MLMs). Given that MLMs are continuously trained with increasing amounts of additional data collected over time, an…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-21 Yi Zhou , Danushka Bollegala , Jose Camacho-Collados

Large Language Models (LLMs) have become central to numerous natural language processing tasks, but their vulnerabilities present significant security and ethical challenges. This systematic survey explores the evolving landscape of attack…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-05 Zhiyu Liao , Kang Chen , Yuanguo Lin , Kangkang Li , Yunxuan Liu , Hefeng Chen , Xingwang Huang , Yuanhui Yu

Background: Large language models (LLMs) are rapidly being integrated into healthcare, promising to enhance various clinical tasks. However, concerns exist regarding their potential for bias, which could compromise patient care and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-07 Thanathip Suenghataiphorn , Narisara Tribuddharat , Pojsakorn Danpanichkul , Narathorn Kulthamrongsri

Language models (LMs) are known to represent the perspectives of some social groups better than others, which may impact their performance, especially on subjective tasks such as content moderation and hate speech detection. To explore how…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-19 Zihao He , Siyi Guo , Ashwin Rao , Kristina Lerman