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Large language model (LLM) watermarking has emerged as a promising approach for detecting and attributing AI-generated text, yet its robustness to black-box spoofing remains insufficiently evaluated. Existing evaluation methods often demand…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Hanbo Huang , Xuan Gong , Yiran Zhang , Hao Zheng , Shiyu Liang

As large language models (LLM) are increasingly used for text generation tasks, it is critical to audit their usages, govern their applications, and mitigate their potential harms. Existing watermark techniques are shown effective in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-09 Chaoyi Zhu , Jeroen Galjaard , Pin-Yu Chen , Lydia Y. Chen

Recent progress in large language models enables the creation of realistic machine-generated content. Watermarking is a promising approach to distinguish machine-generated text from human text, embedding statistical signals in the output…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Patrick Chao , Yan Sun , Edgar Dobriban , Hamed Hassani

Recently, text watermarking algorithms for large language models (LLMs) have been proposed to mitigate the potential harms of text generated by LLMs, including fake news and copyright issues. However, current watermark detection algorithms…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Aiwei Liu , Leyi Pan , Xuming Hu , Shu'ang Li , Lijie Wen , Irwin King , Philip S. Yu

Text watermarks in large language models (LLMs) are an increasingly important tool for detecting synthetic text and distinguishing human-written content from LLM-generated text. While most existing studies focus on determining whether…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-06-30 Xiang Li , Garrett Wen , Weiqing He , Jiayuan Wu , Qi Long , Weijie J. Su

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities in generating diverse and contextually rich text. However, concerns regarding copyright infringement arise as LLMs may inadvertently produce copyrighted material. In…

Most LLM fingerprinting methods teach the model to respond to a few fixed queries with predefined atypical responses (keys). This memorization often does not survive common deployment steps such as finetuning or quantization, and such keys…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-20 Thibaud Gloaguen , Robin Staab , Nikola Jovanović , Martin Vechev

LLM watermarks allow tracing AI-generated texts by inserting a detectable signal into their generated content. Recent works have proposed a wide range of watermarking algorithms, each with distinct designs, usually built using a bottom-up…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Thibaud Gloaguen , Robin Staab , Nikola Jovanović , Martin Vechev

Large Language Model-based Time Series Forecasting (LLMTS) has shown remarkable promise in handling complex and diverse temporal data, representing a significant step toward foundation models for time series analysis. However, this emerging…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Wei Yuan , Chaoqun Yang , Yu Xing , Tong Chen , Nguyen Quoc Viet Hung , Hongzhi Yin

Watermarking is a principled approach for tracing the provenance of large language model (LLM) outputs, but its deployment in practice is hindered by inference inefficiency. Speculative sampling accelerates inference, with efficiency…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Weiqing He , Xiang Li , Li Shen , Weijie Su , Qi Long

Large Language Models (LLMs) perform impressively well in various applications. However, the potential for misuse of these models in activities such as plagiarism, generating fake news, and spamming has raised concern about their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-20 Vinu Sankar Sadasivan , Aounon Kumar , Sriram Balasubramanian , Wenxiao Wang , Soheil Feizi

We introduce the first watermark tailored for diffusion language models (DLMs), an emergent LLM paradigm able to generate tokens in arbitrary order, in contrast to standard autoregressive language models (ARLMs) which generate tokens…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-20 Thibaud Gloaguen , Robin Staab , Nikola Jovanović , Martin Vechev

Large language models (LLMs) demonstrate remarkable capabilities across various tasks. However, their deployment introduces significant risks related to intellectual property. In this context, we focus on model stealing attacks, where…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Kieu Dang , Phung Lai , NhatHai Phan , Yelong Shen , Ruoming Jin , Abdallah Khreishah

With the widespread adoption of open-source code language models (code LMs), intellectual property (IP) protection has become an increasingly critical concern. While current watermarking techniques have the potential to identify the code LM…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2025-09-18 Boyu Zhang , Ping He , Tianyu Du , Xuhong Zhang , Lei Yun , Kingsum Chow , Jianwei Yin

Watermarking is a key technique for detecting AI-generated text. In this work, we study its vulnerabilities and introduce the Smoothing Attack, a novel watermark removal method. By leveraging the relationship between the model's confidence…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-06 Hongyan Chang , Hamed Hassani , Reza Shokri

We study the problem of multi-bit watermarking for large language models (LLMs). We introduce a block-autoregressive model inspired by multi-token prediction, in which the encoder has limited non-causal access to token distributions within…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Sidong Guo , Tyler Kann , Teodora Baluta , Matthieu R. Bloch

Watermarking of language model outputs enables statistical detection of model-generated text, which can mitigate harms and misuses of language models. Existing watermarking strategies operate by altering the decoder of an existing language…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-03 Chenchen Gu , Xiang Lisa Li , Percy Liang , Tatsunori Hashimoto

Recent advances in Text-To-Speech (TTS) technology have enabled synthetic speech to mimic human voices with remarkable realism, raising significant security concerns. This underscores the need for traceable TTS models-systems capable of…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-07-08 Yuxiang Zhao , Yunchong Xiao , Yushen Chen , Zhikang Niu , Shuai Wang , Kai Yu , Xie Chen

The promise of LLM watermarking rests on a core assumption that a specific watermark proves authorship by a specific model. We demonstrate that this assumption is dangerously flawed. We introduce the threat of watermark spoofing, a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Hyeseon An , Shinwoo Park , Suyeon Woo , Yo-Sub Han

The advent of video-based Large Language Models (LLMs) has significantly enhanced video understanding. However, it has also raised some safety concerns regarding data protection, as videos can be more easily annotated, even without…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-04 Jinmin Li , Kuofeng Gao , Yang Bai , Jingyun Zhang , Shu-Tao Xia
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