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Internet memes represent a popular form of multimodal online communication and often use figurative elements to convey layered meaning through the combination of text and images. However, it remains largely unclear how multimodal large…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Shijia Zhou , Saif M. Mohammad , Barbara Plank , Diego Frassinelli

The age of social media is flooded with Internet memes, necessitating a clear grasp and effective identification of harmful ones. This task presents a significant challenge due to the implicit meaning embedded in memes, which is not…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-25 Hongzhan Lin , Ziyang Luo , Wei Gao , Jing Ma , Bo Wang , Ruichao Yang

Hate speech is a societal problem that has significantly grown through the Internet. New forms of digital content such as image memes have given rise to spread of hate using multimodal means, being far more difficult to analyse and detect…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-04-10 Christos Koutlis , Manos Schinas , Symeon Papadopoulos

Memes are a powerful tool for communication over social media. Their affinity for evolving across politics, history, and sociocultural phenomena makes them an ideal communication vehicle. To comprehend the subtle message conveyed within a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-30 Shivam Sharma , Ramaneswaran S , Udit Arora , Md. Shad Akhtar , Tanmoy Chakraborty

Memes are powerful means for effective communication on social media. Their effortless amalgamation of viral visuals and compelling messages can have far-reaching implications with proper marketing. Previous research on memes has primarily…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2022-12-21 Shivam Sharma , Siddhant Agarwal , Tharun Suresh , Preslav Nakov , Md. Shad Akhtar , Tanmoy Chakraborty

Propaganda can be defined as a form of communication that aims to influence the opinions or the actions of people towards a specific goal; this is achieved by means of well-defined rhetorical and psychological devices. Propaganda, in the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-09-17 Dimitar Dimitrov , Bishr Bin Ali , Shaden Shaar , Firoj Alam , Fabrizio Silvestri , Hamed Firooz , Preslav Nakov , Giovanni Da San Martino

The rise of social media platforms has brought about a new digital culture called memes. Memes, which combine visuals and text, can strongly influence public opinions on social and cultural issues. As a result, people have become interested…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-12 Ming Shan Hee , Aditi Kumaresan , Nguyen Khoi Hoang , Nirmalendu Prakash , Rui Cao , Roy Ka-Wei Lee

Memes are widely used for humor and cultural commentary, but they are increasingly exploited to spread hateful content. Due to their multimodal nature, hateful memes often evade traditional text-only or image-only detection systems,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-24 Ali Anaissi , Junaid Akram , Kunal Chaturvedi , Ali Braytee

The automatic identification of harmful content online is of major concern for social media platforms, policymakers, and society. Researchers have studied textual, visual, and audio content, but typically in isolation. Yet, harmful content…

Memes represent a tightly coupled, multimodal form of social expression, in which visual context and overlaid text jointly convey nuanced affect and commentary. Inspired by cognitive reappraisal in psychology, we introduce Meme Reappraisal,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Yiqi Nie , Fei Wang , Junjie Chen , Kun Li , Yudi Cai , Dan Guo , Chenglong Li , Meng Wang

Visual culture has long been deployed by actors across the political spectrum as tools of political mobilization, and have recently incorporated new communication tools, such as memes, GIFs, and emojis. In this study, we analyze the…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-10-06 Alyvia Walters , Tawfiq Ammari , Kiran Garimella , Shagun Jhaver

Much work in the space of NLP has used computational methods to explore sociolinguistic variation in text. In this paper, we argue that memes, as multimodal forms of language comprised of visual templates and text, also exhibit meaningful…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-16 Naitian Zhou , David Jurgens , David Bamman

The exponential rise of social media networks has allowed the production, distribution, and consumption of data at a phenomenal rate. Moreover, the social media revolution has brought a unique phenomenon to social media platforms called…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-05-09 Sunil Gundapu , Radhika Mamidi

Internet memes are a central element of online culture, blending images and text. While substantial research has focused on either the visual or textual components of memes, little attention has been given to their interplay. This gap…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Aidos Konyspay , Pakizar Shamoi , Malika Ziyada , Zhusup Smambayev

Memes on the Internet are often harmless and sometimes amusing. However, by using certain types of images, text, or combinations of both, the seemingly harmless meme becomes a multimodal type of hate speech -- a hateful meme. The Hateful…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-12-25 Riza Velioglu , Jewgeni Rose

The proliferation of social media has given rise to a new form of communication: memes. Memes are multimodal and often contain a combination of text and visual elements that convey meaning, humor, and cultural significance. While meme…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-12 Nirmalendu Prakash , Han Wang , Nguyen Khoi Hoang , Ming Shan Hee , Roy Ka-Wei Lee

The proliferation of multimodal content on social media presents significant challenges in understanding and moderating complex, context-dependent issues such as misinformation, hate speech, and propaganda. While efforts have been made to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Mohamed Bayan Kmainasi , Abul Hasnat , Md Arid Hasan , Ali Ezzat Shahroor , Firoj Alam

Memes have evolved as a prevalent medium for diverse communication, ranging from humour to propaganda. With the rising popularity of image-focused content, there is a growing need to explore its potential harm from different aspects.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-21 Siddhant Agarwal , Shivam Sharma , Preslav Nakov , Tanmoy Chakraborty

There is a rapid increase in the use of multimedia content in current social media platforms. One of the highly popular forms of such multimedia content are memes. While memes have been primarily invented to promote funny and buoyant…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-25 Naquee Rizwan , Paramananda Bhaskar , Mithun Das , Swadhin Satyaprakash Majhi , Punyajoy Saha , Animesh Mukherjee

As a multimodal medium combining images and text, memes frequently convey implicit harmful content through metaphors and humor, rendering the detection of harmful memes a complex and challenging task. Although recent studies have made…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Hexiang Gu , Qifan Yu , Yuan Liu , Zikang Li , Saihui Hou , Jian Zhao , Zhaofeng He