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Who is the US President? The answer changes depending on when the question is asked. While large language models (LLMs) are evaluated on various reasoning tasks, they often miss a crucial dimension: time. In real-world scenarios, the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-16 David Herel , Vojtech Bartek , Jiri Jirak , Tomas Mikolov

The paper introduces a framework for the evaluation of the encoding of factual scientific knowledge, designed to streamline the manual evaluation process typically conducted by domain experts. Inferring over and extracting information from…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-21 Magdalena Wysocka , Oskar Wysocki , Maxime Delmas , Vincent Mutel , Andre Freitas

Large Language Models (LLMs) hold significant potential for advancing fact-checking by leveraging their capabilities in reasoning, evidence retrieval, and explanation generation. However, existing benchmarks fail to comprehensively evaluate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Shuo Yang , Yuqin Dai , Guoqing Wang , Xinran Zheng , Jinfeng Xu , Jinze Li , Zhenzhe Ying , Weiqiang Wang , Edith C. H. Ngai

As large language models (LLMs) grow larger and more sophisticated, assessing their "reasoning" capabilities in natural language grows more challenging. Recent question answering (QA) benchmarks that attempt to assess reasoning are often…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-12-01 Matthew Ho , Aditya Sharma , Justin Chang , Michael Saxon , Sharon Levy , Yujie Lu , William Yang Wang

Before deploying a language model (LM) within a given domain, it is important to measure its tendency to generate factually incorrect information in that domain. Existing methods for factuality evaluation of LLM generation focus on facts…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-06 Dor Muhlgay , Ori Ram , Inbal Magar , Yoav Levine , Nir Ratner , Yonatan Belinkov , Omri Abend , Kevin Leyton-Brown , Amnon Shashua , Yoav Shoham

Language models are becoming the default interface to factual knowledge, yet they often verify outputs more reliably than they generate them. This generation-verification gap (GV-gap) underlies many recent advances in self-improvement and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Tim R. Davidson , Anja Surina , Caglar Gulcehre

This paper explores the robustness of language models (LMs) to variations in the temporal context within factual knowledge. It examines whether LMs can correctly associate a temporal context with a past fact valid over a defined period, by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Hichem Ammar Khodja , Frédéric Béchet , Quentin Brabant , Alexis Nasr , Gwénolé Lecorvé

The increased use of large language models (LLMs) across a variety of real-world applications calls for automatic tools to check the factual accuracy of their outputs, as LLMs often hallucinate. This is difficult as it requires assessing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-30 Hasan Iqbal , Yuxia Wang , Minghan Wang , Georgi Georgiev , Jiahui Geng , Iryna Gurevych , Preslav Nakov

While hallucinations of large language models (LLMs) prevail as a major challenge, existing evaluation benchmarks on factuality do not cover the diverse domains of knowledge that the real-world users of LLMs seek information about. To…

The rapid evolution of large language models (LLMs) and the real world has outpaced the static nature of widely used evaluation benchmarks, raising concerns about their reliability for evaluating LLM factuality. While substantial works…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Xunyi Jiang , Dingyi Chang , Julian McAuley , Xin Xu

Large language models (LLMs) have raised hopes for automated end-to-end fact-checking, but prior studies report mixed results. As mainstream chatbots increasingly ship with reasoning capabilities and web search tools -- and millions of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Matthew R. DeVerna , Kai-Cheng Yang , Harry Yaojun Yan , Filippo Menczer

With the rapid growth of online information, the spread of fake news has become a serious social challenge. In this study, we propose a novel detection framework based on Large Language Models (LLMs) to identify and classify fake news by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Xiaochuan Xu , Peiyang Yu , Zeqiu Xu , Jiani Wang

As events progress, news articles often update with new information: if we are not cautious, we risk propagating outdated facts. In this work, we hypothesize that linguistic features indicate factual fluidity, and that we can predict which…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-02 Alexander Spangher , Kung-Hsiang Huang , Hyundong Cho , Jonathan May

In the current digital era, the rapid spread of misinformation on online platforms presents significant challenges to societal well-being, public trust, and democratic processes, influencing critical decision making and public opinion. To…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-06 Xinyi Li , Yongfeng Zhang , Edward C. Malthouse

The fluency and creativity of large pre-trained language models (LLMs) have led to their widespread use, sometimes even as a replacement for traditional search engines. Yet language models are prone to making convincing but factually…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-15 Katherine Tian , Eric Mitchell , Huaxiu Yao , Christopher D. Manning , Chelsea Finn

Large language models (LLMs) may generate text that lacks consistency with human knowledge, leading to factual inaccuracies or \textit{hallucination}. Existing research for evaluating the factuality of LLMs involves extracting fact claims…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-23 Zhaoheng Huang , Zhicheng Dou , Yutao Zhu , Ji-rong Wen

Large language models (LLMs) excel at generating long-form responses, but evaluating their factuality remains challenging due to complex inter-sentence dependencies within the generated facts. Prior solutions predominantly follow a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Xin Liu , Lechen Zhang , Sheza Munir , Yiyang Gu , Lu Wang

The potential of using a large language model (LLM) as a knowledge base (KB) has sparked significant interest. To manage the knowledge acquired by LLMs, we need to ensure that the editing of learned facts respects internal logical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-05 Zichao Li , Ines Arous , Siva Reddy , Jackie C. K. Cheung

Large language models (LLMs) have made remarkable progress in various natural language processing tasks as a benefit of their capability to comprehend and reason with factual knowledge. However, a significant amount of factual knowledge is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-23 Sirui Huang , Yanggan Gu , Xuming Hu , Zhonghao Li , Qing Li , Guandong Xu

Fake news detection remains a critical challenge in today's rapidly evolving digital landscape, where misinformation can spread faster than ever before. Traditional fake news detection models often rely on static datasets and auxiliary…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2024-09-06 Ruoyu Xu , Gaoxiang Li