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A classic data structure problem is to preprocess a string T of length $n$ so that, given a query $q$, we can quickly find all substrings of T with Hamming distance at most $k$ from the query string. Variants of this problem have seen…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Jackson Bibbens , Levi Borevitz , Samuel McCauley

Given a pattern $P$ and a text $T$, both strings over a binary alphabet, the binary jumbled string matching problem consists in telling whether any permutation of $P$ occurs in $T$. The indexed version of this problem, i.e., preprocessing a…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2013-05-09 Emanuele Giaquinta , Szymon Grabowski

In many real-world database systems, a large fraction of the data is represented by strings: sequences of letters over some alphabet. This is because strings can easily encode data arising from different sources. It is often crucial to…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2024-07-17 Lorraine A. K. Ayad , Grigorios Loukides , Solon P. Pissis

Given a string $S$ of length $n$, the classic string indexing problem is to preprocess $S$ into a compact data structure that supports efficient subsequent pattern queries. In the \emph{deterministic} variant the goal is to solve the string…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2016-12-07 Philip Bille , Inge Li Gørtz , Frederik Rye Skjoldjensen

We introduce the first index that can be built in $o(n)$ time for a text of length $n$, and can also be queried in $o(q)$ time for a pattern of length $q$. On an alphabet of size $\sigma$, our index uses $O(n\sqrt{\log n\log\sigma})$ bits,…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2019-07-16 J. Ian Munro , Gonzalo Navarro , Yakov Nekrich

In this paper, we describe a new type of match between a pattern and a text that aren't necessarily maximal in the query, but still contain useful matching information: locally maximal exact matches (LEMs). There are usually a large amount…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Ahsan Sanaullah , Degui Zhi , Shaojie Zhang

We revisit the complexity of building, given a two-dimensional string of size $n$, an indexing structure that allows locating all $k$ occurrences of a two-dimensional pattern of size $m$. While a structure of size $\mathcal{O}(n)$ with…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Paweł Gawrychowski , Adam Górkiewicz

We consider the $Parameterized$ $Pattern$ $Matching$ problem, where a pattern $P$ matches some location in a text $\mathsf{T}$ iff there is a one-to-one correspondence between the alphabet symbols of the pattern to those of the text. More…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2016-04-07 Arnab Ganguly , Rahul Shah , Sharma V. Thankachan

Packing several characters into one computer word is a simple and natural way to compress the representation of a string and to speed up its processing. Exploiting this idea, we propose an index for a packed string, based on a {\em sparse…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2015-03-19 Roman Kolpakov , Gregory Kucherov , Tatiana Starikovskaya

With the advent of large-scale heterogeneous search engines comes the problem of unified search control resulting in mismatches that could have otherwise avoided. A mechanism is needed to determine exact patterns in web mining and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-01-28 Nazim Uddin Sheikh , Hasina Rahman , Hamid Al-Qahtani

The classic string indexing problem is to preprocess a string S into a compact data structure that supports efficient pattern matching queries. Typical queries include existential queries (decide if the pattern occurs in S), reporting…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2021-02-05 Philip Bille , Inge Li Gørtz , Max Rishøj Pedersen , Teresa Anna Steiner

We describe the first self-indexes able to count and locate pattern occurrences in optimal time within a space bounded by the size of the most popular dictionary compressors. To achieve this result we combine several recent findings,…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2019-09-06 Anders Roy Christiansen , Mikko Berggren Ettienne , Tomasz Kociumaka , Gonzalo Navarro , Nicola Prezza

To store and search genomic databases efficiently, researchers have recently started building compressed self-indexes based on grammars. In this paper we show how, given a straight-line program with $r$ rules for a string (S [1..n]) whose…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2012-09-28 Travis Gagie , Paweł Gawrychowski , Juha Kärkkäinen , Yakov Nekrich , Simon J. Puglisi

It is widely assumed that $O(m+\lg \sigma)$ is the best one can do for finding a pattern of length $m$ in a compacted trie storing strings over an alphabet of size $\sigma$, if one insists on linear-size data structures and deterministic…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2013-02-15 Johannes Fischer , Pawel Gawrychowski

Let $\Sigma$ and $\Pi$ be disjoint alphabets, respectively called the static alphabet and the parameterized alphabet. Two strings $x$ and $y$ over $\Sigma \cup \Pi$ of equal length are said to parameterized match (p-match) if there exists a…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2021-02-05 Noriki Fujisato , Yuto Nakashima , Shunsuke Inenaga , Hideo Bannai , Masayuki Takeda

Bille and G{\o}rtz (2011) recently introduced the problem of substring range counting, for which we are asked to store compactly a string $S$ of $n$ characters with integer labels in ([0, u]), such that later, given an interval ([a, b]) and…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2012-02-16 Travis Gagie , Paweł Gawrychowski

Suffix trees and suffix arrays are two of the most widely used data structures for text indexing. Each uses linear space and can be constructed in linear time for polynomially sized alphabets. However, when it comes to answering queries…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2013-11-08 Richard Cole , Tsvi Kopelowitz , Moshe Lewenstein

Pattern matching is the most central task for text indices. Most recent indices leverage compression techniques to make pattern matching feasible for massive but highly-compressible datasets. Within this kind of indices, we propose a new…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2021-05-31 Tooru Akagi , Dominik Köppl , Yuto Nakashima , Shunsuke Inenaga , Hideo Bannai , Masayuki Takeda

We study the problem of indexing text with wildcard positions, motivated by the challenge of aligning sequencing data to large genomes that contain millions of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)---positions known to differ between…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2011-01-28 Chris Thachuk

In this uncertain world, data uncertainty is inherent in many applications and its importance is growing drastically due to the rapid development of modern technologies. Nowadays, researchers have paid more attention to mine patterns in…