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Hidden confounding remains a central challenge in estimating treatment effects from observational data, as unobserved variables can lead to biased causal estimates. While recent work has explored the use of large language models (LLMs) for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Hao Yang , Haoxuan Li , Luyu Chen , Haoxiang Wang , Xu Chen , Mingming Gong

Proxy causal learning (PCL) is a method for estimating the causal effect of treatments on outcomes in the presence of unobserved confounding, using proxies (structured side information) for the confounder. This is achieved via two-stage…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-19 Liyuan Xu , Heishiro Kanagawa , Arthur Gretton

Proximal causal inference (PCI) is a recently proposed framework to identify and estimate the causal effect of an exposure on an outcome in the presence of hidden confounders, using observed proxies. Specifically, PCI relies on two types of…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-07-29 Prabrisha Rakshit , Xu Shi , Eric Tchetgen Tchetgen

We consider the the problem of identifying causal effects given a high-dimensional treatment vector in the presence of low-dimensional latent confounders. We assume a parametric structural causal model in which the outcome is permitted to…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2025-08-11 Yuhao Wang , Rajen Shah

This paper studies the confounding effects from the unmeasured confounders and the imbalance of observed confounders in IV regression and aims at unbiased causal effect estimation. Recently, nonlinear IV estimators were proposed to allow…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-11-21 Anpeng Wu , Kun Kuang , Ruoxuan Xiong , Bo Li , Fei Wu

We consider the problem of estimating a particular type of linear non-Gaussian model. Without resorting to the overcomplete Independent Component Analysis (ICA), we show that under some mild assumptions, the model is uniquely identified by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-29 Wei Chen , Kun Zhang , Ruichu Cai , Biwei Huang , Joseph Ramsey , Zhifeng Hao , Clark Glymour

Proximal causal inference (PCI) has emerged as a promising framework for identifying and estimating causal effects in the presence of unobserved confounders. While many traditional causal inference methods rely on the assumption of no…

Estimating treatment effects plays a crucial role in causal inference, having many real-world applications like policy analysis and decision making. Nevertheless, estimating treatment effects in the longitudinal setting in the presence of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-22 Defu Cao , James Enouen , Yan Liu

Recently, interest has grown in the use of proxy variables of unobserved confounding for inferring the causal effect in the presence of unmeasured confounders from observational data. One difficulty inhibiting the practical use is finding…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Feng Xie , Zhengming Chen , Shanshan Luo , Wang Miao , Ruichu Cai , Zhi Geng

A recent literature considers causal inference using noisy proxies for unobserved confounding factors. The proxies are divided into two sets that are independent conditional on the confounders. One set of proxies are `negative control…

Econometrics · Economics 2021-10-11 Ben Deaner

Learning individual-level causal effects from observational data, such as inferring the most effective medication for a specific patient, is a problem of growing importance for policy makers. The most important aspect of inferring causal…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-11-07 Christos Louizos , Uri Shalit , Joris Mooij , David Sontag , Richard Zemel , Max Welling

We address the setting of Proxy Causal Learning (PCL), which has the goal of estimating causal effects from observed data in the presence of hidden confounding. Proxy methods accomplish this task using two proxy variables related to the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-27 Bariscan Bozkurt , Ben Deaner , Dimitri Meunier , Liyuan Xu , Arthur Gretton

We consider linear non-Gaussian structural equation models that involve latent confounding. In this setting, the causal structure is identifiable, but, in general, it is not possible to identify the specific causal effects. Instead, a…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-08-12 Daniela Schkoda , Elina Robeva , Mathias Drton

Granger causality analysis, as one of the most popular time series causality methods, has been widely used in the economics, neuroscience. However, unobserved confounders is a fundamental problem in the observational studies, which is still…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-09-10 Yuan Meng

Unobserved confounding is a fundamental challenge for estimating causal effects. To address unobserved confounding, recent literature has turned to two different approaches -- proxy variables and the use of multiple treatments. The first…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-20 Aytijhya Saha , Stephen Bates , Devavrat Shah

Addressing the domain adaptation problem becomes more challenging when distribution shifts across domains stem from latent confounders that affect both covariates and outcomes. Existing proxy-based approaches that address latent shift rely…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Zahra Rahiminasab , Reza Soumi , Arto Klami , Samuel Kaski

Causal discovery with latent confounders is an important but challenging task in many scientific areas. Despite the success of some overcomplete independent component analysis (OICA) based methods in certain domains, they are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-01 Ruichu Cai , Zhiyi Huang , Wei Chen , Zhifeng Hao , Kun Zhang

Negative controls are increasingly used to evaluate the presence of potential unmeasured confounding in observational studies. Beyond the use of negative controls to detect the presence of residual confounding, proximal causal inference…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-06-06 Jiewen Liu , Chan Park , Kendrick Li , Eric J. Tchetgen Tchetgen

Causal discovery is central to inferring causal relationships from observational data. In the presence of latent confounding, algorithms such as Fast Causal Inference (FCI) learn a Partial Ancestral Graph (PAG) representing the true model's…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-13 Adèle H. Ribeiro , Dominik Heider

We study causal discovery from observational data in linear Gaussian systems affected by \emph{mixed latent confounding}, where some unobserved factors act broadly across many variables while others influence only small subsets. This…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-01 Amir Asiaee , Samhita Pal , James O'quinn , James P. Long
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