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The ability to understand and reason about spatial relationships between objects in images is an important component of visual reasoning. This skill rests on the ability to recognize and localize objects of interest and determine their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-14 Navid Rajabi , Jana Kosecka

Vision language models (VLMs) are designed to extract relevant visuospatial information from images. Some research suggests that VLMs can exhibit humanlike scene understanding, while other investigations reveal difficulties in their ability…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-23 Sangeet Khemlani , Tyler Tran , Nathaniel Gyory , Anthony M. Harrison , Wallace E. Lawson , Ravenna Thielstrom , Hunter Thompson , Taaren Singh , J. Gregory Trafton

Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have demonstrated remarkable performance across a variety of real-world tasks. However, existing VLMs typically process visual information by serializing images, a method that diverges significantly from the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Yueyan Li , Chenggong Zhao , Zeyuan Zang , Caixia Yuan , Xiaojie Wang

Visual-Language Models (VLMs) have become a powerful tool for bridging the gap between visual and linguistic understanding. However, the conventional learning approaches for VLMs often suffer from limitations, such as the high resource…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Dasol Choi , Guijin Son , Soo Yong Kim , Gio Paik , Seunghyeok Hong

Integration of Large Language Models (LLMs) into visual domain tasks, resulting in visual-LLMs (V-LLMs), has enabled exceptional performance in vision-language tasks, particularly for visual question answering (VQA). However, existing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-12 Kanchana Ranasinghe , Satya Narayan Shukla , Omid Poursaeed , Michael S. Ryoo , Tsung-Yu Lin

Capturing spatial relationships from visual inputs is a cornerstone of human-like general intelligence. Several previous studies have tried to enhance the spatial awareness of Vision-Language Models (VLMs) by adding extra expert encoders,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-10 Rui Yang , Ziyu Zhu , Yanwei Li , Jingjia Huang , Shen Yan , Siyuan Zhou , Zhe Liu , Xiangtai Li , Shuangye Li , Wenqian Wang , Yi Lin , Hengshuang Zhao

Large Language Models (LLM) have emerged as a tool for robots to generate task plans using common sense reasoning. For the LLM to generate actionable plans, scene context must be provided, often through a map. Recent works have shifted from…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-09-25 Mike Zhang , Kaixian Qu , Vaishakh Patil , Cesar Cadena , Marco Hutter

The spatial reasoning task aims to reason about the spatial relationships in 2D and 3D space, which is a fundamental capability for Visual Question Answering (VQA) and robotics. Although vision language models (VLMs) have developed rapidly…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Xun Liang , Xin Guo , Zhongming Jin , Weihang Pan , Penghui Shang , Deng Cai , Binbin Lin , Jieping Ye

Visually grounded speech models learn from images paired with spoken captions. By tagging images with soft text labels using a trained visual classifier with a fixed vocabulary, previous work has shown that it is possible to train a model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-24 Kayode Olaleye , Herman Kamper

Spatial reasoning in vision language models (VLMs) remains fragile when semantics hinge on subtle temporal or geometric cues. We introduce a synthetic benchmark that probes two complementary skills: situational awareness (recognizing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-23 Pascal Benschop , Justin Dauwels , Jan van Gemert

Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have shown great success as foundational models for downstream vision and natural language applications in a variety of domains. However, these models are limited to reasoning over objects and actions currently…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-06-13 Zachary Chavis , Hyun Soo Park , Stephen J. Guy

Understanding spatial relations is a crucial cognitive ability for both humans and AI. While current research has predominantly focused on the benchmarking of text-to-image (T2I) models, we propose a more comprehensive evaluation that…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-13 Shang Hong Sim , Clarence Lee , Alvin Tan , Cheston Tan

Vision-language models (VLMs) work well in tasks ranging from image captioning to visual question answering (VQA), yet they struggle with spatial reasoning, a key skill for understanding our physical world that humans excel at. We find that…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-30 Michael Ogezi , Freda Shi

Open-vocabulary 3D visual grounding aims to localize target objects based on free-form language queries, which is crucial for embodied AI applications such as autonomous navigation, robotics, and augmented reality. Learning 3D language…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-10 Zhenyang Liu , Sixiao Zheng , Siyu Chen , Cairong Zhao , Longfei Liang , Xiangyang Xue , Yanwei Fu

We propose an efficient method to ground pretrained text-only language models to the visual domain, enabling them to process arbitrarily interleaved image-and-text data, and generate text interleaved with retrieved images. Our method…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-16 Jing Yu Koh , Ruslan Salakhutdinov , Daniel Fried

Large Vision Language Models (VLMs) have long struggled with spatial reasoning tasks. Surprisingly, even simple spatial reasoning tasks, such as recognizing "under" or "behind" relationships between only two objects, pose significant…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Shiqi Chen , Tongyao Zhu , Ruochen Zhou , Jinghan Zhang , Siyang Gao , Juan Carlos Niebles , Mor Geva , Junxian He , Jiajun Wu , Manling Li

Visual grounding refers to the ability of a model to identify a region within some visual input that matches a textual description. Consequently, a model equipped with visual grounding capabilities can target a wide range of applications in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Georgios Pantazopoulos , Eda B. Özyiğit

Grounding textual phrases in visual content is a meaningful yet challenging problem with various potential applications such as image-text inference or text-driven multimedia interaction. Most of the current existing methods adopt the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-05-03 Zhiyuan Fang , Shu Kong , Tianshu Yu , Yezhou Yang

In this paper, we introduce a contextual grounding approach that captures the context in corresponding text entities and image regions to improve the grounding accuracy. Specifically, the proposed architecture accepts pre-trained text token…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-11-07 Farley Lai , Ning Xie , Derek Doran , Asim Kadav

Vision-Language Models (VLMs) are increasingly deployed in embodied environments, where they need produce numerical outputs such as action magnitudes and spatial coordinates. Although these numbers appear meaningful, it remains unclear…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Jianshu Zhang , Yijiang Li , Huifeixin Chen , Haoran Lu , Letian Xue , Bingyang Wang , Han Liu