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A key issue of current quantum advantage experiments is that their verification requires a full classical simulation of the ideal computation. This limits the regime in which the experiments can be verified to precisely the regime in which…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-08 Abhinav Deshpande , Bill Fefferman , Soumik Ghosh , Michael Gullans , Dominik Hangleiter

Quantum computation, a completely different paradigm of computing, benefits from theoretically proven speed-ups for certain problems and opens up the possibility of exactly studying the properties of quantum systems. Yet, because of the…

We apply quantum error mitigation techniques to a variety of benchmark problems and quantum computers to evaluate the performance of quantum error mitigation in practice. To do so, we define an empirically motivated, resource-normalized…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-08-21 Vincent Russo , Andrea Mari , Nathan Shammah , Ryan LaRose , William J. Zeng

Quantum error mitigation has been extensively explored to increase the accuracy of the quantum circuits in noisy-intermediate-scale-quantum (NISQ) computation, where quantum error correction requiring additional quantum resources is not…

Quantum error mitigation (QEM) protocols have provably exponential bounds on the cost scaling; however, exploring which regimes QEM can recover usable results is still of sizable interest. The expected absence of complete error correction…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-12 Ugnė Liaubaitė , S. E. Skelton

A long-standing challenge in quantum computing is developing technologies to overcome the inevitable noise in qubits. To enable meaningful applications in the early stages of fault-tolerant quantum computing, devising methods to suppress…

Quantum error mitigation(QEM), an error suppression strategy without the need for additional ancilla qubits for noisy intermediate-scale quantum~(NISQ) devices, presents a promising avenue for realizing quantum speedups of quantum computing…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-28 Ke Wang , Xiantao Li

In the era of quantum computing without full fault-tolerance, it is essential to suppress noise effects via the quantum error mitigation techniques to enhance the computational power of the quantum devices. One of the most effective…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-03-24 Yasuhiro Ohkura , Suguru Endo , Takahiko Satoh , Rodney Van Meter , Nobuyuki Yoshioka

Numerous quantum error-mitigation protocols have been proposed, motivated by the critical need to suppress noise effects on intermediate-scale quantum devices. Yet, their general potential and limitations remain elusive. In particular, to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-11-27 Ryuji Takagi , Hiroyasu Tajima , Mile Gu

Recent thousand-qubit processors represent a significant hardware advancement, but current limitations prevent effective quantum error correction (QEC), necessitating reliance on quantum error mitigation (QEM) to enhance result fidelity…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-12 Leanghok Hour , Myeongseong Go , Youngsun Han

Quantum error mitigation (QEM) has been proposed as a class of hardware-friendly error suppression techniques. While QEM has been primarily studied for mitigating errors in the estimation of expectation values of observables, recent works…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-18 Rion Shimazu , Suguru Endo , Shigeo Hakkaku , Shinobu Saito

The detrimental effect of noise accumulates as quantum computers grow in size. In the case where devices are too small or noisy to perform error correction, error mitigation may be used. Error mitigation does not increase the fidelity of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-07-19 Cristina Cirstoiu , Silas Dilkes , Daniel Mills , Seyon Sivarajah , Ross Duncan

Error-correcting codes were invented to correct errors on noisy communication channels. Quantum error correction (QEC), however, may have a wider range of uses, including information transmission, quantum simulation/computation, and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-08-05 Ningping Cao , Junan Lin , David Kribs , Yiu-Tung Poon , Bei Zeng , Raymond Laflamme

Errors are the primary bottleneck preventing practical quantum computing. This challenge is exacerbated in the distributed quantum computing regime, where quantum networks introduce additional communication-induced noise. While error…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-06 Maria Gragera Garces

Quantum error mitigation (QEM) is a promising technique of protecting hybrid quantum-classical computation from decoherence, but it suffers from sampling overhead which erodes the computational speed. In this treatise, we provide a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-05-17 Yifeng Xiong , Daryus Chandra , Soon Xin Ng , Lajos Hanzo

We present a simple, malleable and low-overhead approach for improving generic biased quantum error mitigation (QEM) methods, achieving up to 15% fidelity improvements over standard QEM on 100-qubit circuits with up to 2000 entangling…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-12 Joseph Harris , Kevin Lively , Peter Schuhmacher

One of the major challenges for erroneous quantum computers is undoubtedly the control over the effect of noise. Considering the rapid growth of available quantum resources that are not fully fault-tolerant, it is crucial to develop…

An important measure of the development of quantum computing platforms has been the simulation of increasingly complex physical systems. Prior to fault-tolerant quantum computing, robust error mitigation strategies are necessary to continue…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-11-07 T. E. O'Brien , G. Anselmetti , F. Gkritsis , V. E. Elfving , S. Polla , W. J. Huggins , O. Oumarou , K. Kechedzhi , D. Abanin , R. Acharya , I. Aleiner , R. Allen , T. I. Andersen , K. Anderson , M. Ansmann , F. Arute , K. Arya , A. Asfaw , J. Atalaya , D. Bacon , J. C. Bardin , A. Bengtsson , S. Boixo , G. Bortoli , A. Bourassa , J. Bovaird , L. Brill , M. Broughton , B. Buckley , D. A. Buell , T. Burger , B. Burkett , N. Bushnell , J. Campero , Y. Chen , Z. Chen , B. Chiaro , D. Chik , J. Cogan , R. Collins , P. Conner , W. Courtney , A. L. Crook , B. Curtin , D. M. Debroy , S. Demura , I. Drozdov , A. Dunsworth , C. Erickson , L. Faoro , E. Farhi , R. Fatemi , V. S. Ferreira , L. Flores Burgos , E. Forati , A. G. Fowler , B. Foxen , W. Giang , C. Gidney , D. Gilboa , M. Giustina , R. Gosula , A. Grajales Dau , J. A. Gross , S. Habegger , M. C. Hamilton , M. Hansen , M. P. Harrigan , S. D. Harrington , P. Heu , J. Hilton , M. R. Hoffmann , S. Hong , T. Huang , A. Huff , L. B. Ioffe , S. V. Isakov , J. Iveland , E. Jeffrey , Z. Jiang , C. Jones , P. Juhas , D. Kafri , J. Kelly , T. Khattar , M. Khezri , M. Kieferová , S. Kim , P. V. Klimov , A. R. Klots , R. Kothari , A. N. Korotkov , F. Kostritsa , J. M. Kreikebaum , D. Landhuis , P. Laptev , K. Lau , L. Laws , J. Lee , K. Lee , B. J. Lester , A. T. Lill , W. Liu , W. P. Livingston , A. Locharla , E. Lucero , F. D. Malone , S. Mandra , O. Martin , S. Martin , J. R. McClean , T. McCourt , M. McEwen , A. Megrant , X. Mi , A. Mieszala , K. C. Miao , M. Mohseni , S. Montazeri , A. Morvan , R. Movassagh , W. Mruczkiewicz , O. Naaman , M. Neeley , C. Neill , A. Nersisyan , H. Neven , M. Newman , J. H. Ng , A. Nguyen , M. Nguyen , M. Y. Niu , S. Omonije , A. Opremcak , A. Petukhov , R. Potter , L. P. Pryadko , C. Quintana , C. Rocque , P. Roushan , N. Saei , D. Sank , K. Sankaragomathi , K. J. Satzinger , H. F. Schurkus , C. Schuster , M. J. Shearn , A. Shorter , N. Shutty , V. Shvarts , J. Skruzny , V. Smelyanskiy , W. C. Smith , R. Somma , G. Sterling , D. Strain , M. Szalay , D. Thor , A. Torres , G. Vidal , B. Villalonga , C. Vollgraff Heidweiller , T. White , B. W. K. Woo , C. Xing , Z. J. Yao , P. Yeh , J. Yoo , G. Young , A. Zalcman , Y. Zhang , N. Zhu , N. Zobrist , C. Gogolin , R. Babbush , N. C. Rubin

Quantum error mitigation techniques can reduce noise on current quantum hardware without the need for fault-tolerant quantum error correction. For instance, the quasiprobability method simulates a noise-free quantum computer using a noisy…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-02-01 Christophe Piveteau , David Sutter , Stefan Woerner

Quantum Error Mitigation (QEM) enables the extraction of high-quality results from the presently-available noisy quantum computers. In this approach, the effect of the noise on observables of interest can be mitigated using multiple…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-11-23 Ivan Henao , Jader P. Santos , Raam Uzdin