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Addressing the challenge of generating personalized feedback for programming assignments is demanding due to several factors, like the complexity of code syntax or different ways to correctly solve a task. In this experimental study, we…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-07-04 Maciej Pankiewicz , Ryan S. Baker

We evaluate an automatic hint generator for CS1 programming assignments powered by GPT-4, a large language model. This system provides natural language guidance about how students can improve their incorrect solutions to short programming…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Laryn Qi , J. D. Zamfirescu-Pereira , Taehan Kim , Björn Hartmann , John DeNero , Narges Norouzi

Generative AI and large language models hold great promise in enhancing programming education by automatically generating individualized feedback for students. We investigate the role of generative AI models in providing human tutor-style…

Generative AI tools, such as AI-generated hints, are increasingly integrated into programming education to offer timely, personalized support. However, little is known about how to effectively leverage these hints while ensuring autonomous…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-12-05 Heeryung Choi , Tung Phung , Mengyan Wu , Adish Singla , Christopher Brooks

Recent studies have integrated large language models (LLMs) into diverse educational contexts, including providing adaptive programming hints, a type of feedback focuses on helping students move forward during problem-solving. However, most…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-04-04 Ruiwei Xiao , Xinying Hou , John Stamper

This study evaluates the performance of ChatGPT variants, GPT-3.5 and GPT-4, both with and without prompt engineering, against solely student work and a mixed category containing both student and GPT-4 contributions in university-level…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Will Yeadon , Alex Peach , Craig P. Testrow

Timely formative feedback is considered as one of the most important drivers for effective learning. Delivering timely and individualized feedback is particularly challenging in large classes in higher education. Recently Large Language…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-12-15 Imen Azaiz , Oliver Deckarm , Sven Strickroth

This study investigated the essential of meaningful automated feedback for programming assignments. Three different types of feedback were tested, including (a) What's wrong - what test cases were testing and which failed, (b) Gap -…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2019-10-09 Qiang Hao , Jack P Wilson , Camille Ottaway , Naitra Iriumi , Kai Arakawa , David H Smith

With the recent advances in AI programming assistants such as GitHub Copilot, programming is not limited to classical programming languages anymore--programming tasks can also be expressed and solved by end-users in natural text. Despite…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-12-18 Ruchit Rawal , Victor-Alexandru Pădurean , Sven Apel , Adish Singla , Mariya Toneva

Generating hints for incorrect code is a cognitively demanding task that fosters learning and metacognitive development. This study investigates three designs for personalized, scalable, and reflective hint-writing activities within a data…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Anjali Singh , Christopher Brooks , Warren Li , Juho Kim , Xu Wang

Generative AI is changing the way that many disciplines are taught, including computer science. Researchers have shown that generative AI tools are capable of solving programming problems, writing extensive blocks of code, and explaining…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-02-14 Bailey Kimmel , Austin Geisert , Lily Yaro , Brendan Gipson , Taylor Hotchkiss , Sidney Osae-Asante , Hunter Vaught , Grant Wininger , Chase Yamaguchi

Timely and high-quality feedback is essential for effective learning in programming courses; yet, providing such support at scale remains a challenge. While AI-based systems offer scalable and immediate help, their responses can…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Tung Phung , Heeryung Choi , Mengyan Wu , Christopher Brooks , Sumit Gulwani , Adish Singla

This research investigates the use of customized GPT models to enhance prompting proficiency among architecture students when generating AI-driven images. Prompt engineering is increasingly essential in architectural education due to the…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-04-28 Juan David Salazar Rodriguez , Sam Conrad Joyce , Julfendi

Generative AI has the potential to enhance education by providing personalized feedback to students at scale. Recent work has proposed techniques to improve AI-generated programming hints and has evaluated their performance based on…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-09-04 Tung Phung , Mengyan Wu , Heeryung Choi , Gustavo Soares , Sumit Gulwani , Adish Singla , Christopher Brooks

While Large language model (LLM)-based programming assistants such as CoPilot and ChatGPT can help improve the productivity of professional software developers, they can also facilitate cheating in introductory computer programming courses.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-16 Saiful Islam Salim , Rubin Yuchan Yang , Alexander Cooper , Suryashree Ray , Saumya Debray , Sazzadur Rahaman

Ever since Large Language Models (LLMs) and related applications have become broadly available, several studies investigated their potential for assisting educators and supporting students in higher education. LLMs such as Codex, GPT-3.5,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-07-08 Imen Azaiz , Natalie Kiesler , Sven Strickroth

The increasing demand for programming language education and growing class sizes require immediate and personalized feedback. However, traditional code review methods have limitations in providing this level of feedback. As the capabilities…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Lee Dong-Kyu

Bugs in learners' programs are often the result of fundamental misconceptions. Teachers frequently face the challenge of first having to understand such bugs, and then suggest ways to fix them. In order to enable teachers to do so…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-08-17 Luisa Greifenstein , Florian Obermüller , Ewald Wasmeier , Ute Heuer , Gordon Fraser

The growing adoption of generative AI in education highlights the need to integrate established pedagogical principles into AI-assisted learning environments. This study investigates the potential of metacognitive theory to inform…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-09-04 Tung Phung , Heeryung Choi , Mengyan Wu , Adish Singla , Christopher Brooks

This study explores the use of artificial intelligence (AI) as a complementary tool for grading essay-type questions in higher education, focusing on its consistency with human grading and potential to reduce biases. Using 70 handwritten…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-01-14 Francisco Olivos , Tobias Kamelski , Sebastián Ascui-Gac
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