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Small molecule drug design hinges on obtaining co-crystallized ligand-protein structures. Despite AlphaFold2's strides in protein native structure prediction, its focus on apo structures overlooks ligands and associated holo structures.…

Biological Physics · Physics 2024-07-08 Xinyu Gu , Akashnathan Aranganathan , Pratyush Tiwary

The goal of Protein Structure Prediction (PSP) problem is to predict a protein's 3D structure (confirmation) from its amino acid sequence. The problem has been a 'holy grail' of science since the Noble prize-winning work of Anfinsen…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2023-01-24 Abbi Abdel-Rehim , Oghenejokpeme Orhobor , Hang Lou , Hao Ni , Ross D. King

The field of protein folding research has been greatly advanced by deep learning methods, with AlphaFold2 (AF2) demonstrating exceptional performance and atomic-level precision. As co-evolution is integral to protein structure prediction,…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2023-06-06 Le Zhang , Jiayang Chen , Tao Shen , Yu Li , Siqi Sun

Inverse protein folding, the process of designing sequences that fold into a specific 3D structure, is crucial in bio-engineering and drug discovery. Traditional methods rely on experimentally resolved structures, but these cover only a…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2023-11-27 Igor Melnyk , Aurelie Lozano , Payel Das , Vijil Chenthamarakshan

Proteins exist as a dynamic ensemble of multiple conformations, and these motions are often crucial for their functions. However, current structure prediction methods predominantly yield a single conformation, overlooking the conformational…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2025-06-18 Advaith Maddipatla , Nadav Bojan Sellam , Meital Bojan , Sanketh Vedula , Paul Schanda , Ailie Marx , Alex M. Bronstein

The remarkable success of AlphaFold2 in providing accurate atomic-level prediction of protein structures from their amino acid sequence has transformed approaches to the protein folding problem. However, its core paradigm of mapping one…

Applications · Statistics 2025-12-12 Yongkai Chen , Samuel WK Wong , SC Kou

Deep learning has contributed to major advances in the prediction of protein structure from sequence, a fundamental problem in structural bioinformatics. With predictions now approaching the accuracy of crystallographic resolution in some…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2022-01-26 Mu Gao , Mark Coletti , Russell B. Davidson , Ryan Prout , Subil Abraham , Benjamin Hernandez , Ada Sedova

AlphaFold2 (AF2) has transformed protein structure prediction by harnessing co-evolutionary constraints embedded in multiple sequence alignments (MSAs). MSAs not only encode static structural information, but also hold critical details…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2025-03-04 Enming Xing , Junjie Zhang , Shen Wang , Xiaolin Cheng

The 2024 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded in part for protein structure prediction using AlphaFold2, an artificial intelligence/machine learning (AI/ML) model trained on vast amounts of sequence and 3D structure data. AlphaFold2 and…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2025-04-22 Alexander M. Ille , Emily Anas , Michael B. Mathews , Stephen K. Burley

AlphaFold, a groundbreaking protein prediction model, has revolutionized protein structure prediction, populating the AlphaFold Protein Database (AFDB) with millions of predicted structures. However, AlphaFold's accuracy in predicting…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2024-12-17 Pranshu Jahagirdar

Protein structure prediction models such as AlphaFold3 (AF3) push the frontier of biomolecular modeling by incorporating science-informed architectural changes to the transformer architecture. However, these advances come at a steep system…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2025-06-27 Hoa La , Ahan Gupta , Alex Morehead , Jianlin Cheng , Minjia Zhang

AlphaFold 3 (AF3) is a powerful biomolecular structure-predicting tool based on the latest deep learning algorithms and revolutionized AI model architectures. A few of papers have already investigated its accuracy in predicting different…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2025-11-19 Yiyang Xu , Ziyou Shen , Yanqing Lv , Shutong Tan , Chun Sun , Juan Zhang

The biological functions of proteins often depend on dynamic structural ensembles. In this work, we develop a flow-based generative modeling approach for learning and sampling the conformational landscapes of proteins. We repurpose highly…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2024-09-04 Bowen Jing , Bonnie Berger , Tommi Jaakkola

AI algorithms have proven to be excellent predictors of protein structure, but whether and how much these algorithms can capture the underlying physics remains an open question. Here, we aim to test this question using the Alphafold2 (AF)…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2024-07-22 John M Mcbride , Tsvi Tlusty

We introduce IntFold, a controllable foundation model for general and specialized biomolecular structure prediction. Utilizing a high-performance custom attention kernel, IntFold achieves accuracy comparable to the state-of-the-art…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2025-07-08 The IntFold Team , Leon Qiao , Wayne Bai , He Yan , Gary Liu , Nova Xi , Xiang Zhang , Siqi Sun

AI-based protein structure prediction pipelines, such as AlphaFold2, have achieved near-experimental accuracy. These advanced pipelines mainly rely on Multiple Sequence Alignments (MSAs) as inputs to learn the co-evolution information from…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2023-10-19 Xiaomin Fang , Fan Wang , Lihang Liu , Jingzhou He , Dayong Lin , Yingfei Xiang , Xiaonan Zhang , Hua Wu , Hui Li , Le Song

MOTIVATION: Proteins fold into complex structures that are crucial for their biological functions. Experimental determination of protein structures is costly and therefore limited to a small fraction of all known proteins. Hence, different…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2018-04-18 David Menéndez Hurtado , Karolis Uziela , Arne Elofsson

Motivation: Protein folding is a dynamic process during which a protein's amino acid sequence undergoes a series of 3-dimensional (3D) conformational changes en route to reaching a native 3D structure; the resulting 3D structural…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2026-04-09 Aydin Wells , Khalique Newaz , Jennifer Morones , Jianlin Cheng , Tijana Milenković

This paper investigates the application of the transformer architecture in protein folding, as exemplified by DeepMind's AlphaFold project, and its implications for the understanding of so-called large language models. The prevailing…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-12-10 Fabian Offert , Paul Kim , Qiaoyu Cai

AlphaFold is a neural-network-based tool for the prediction of 3D structures of protein. In CASP14, a blind structure prediction challenge, it performed significantly better than other competitors, which makes it the best available…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2022-06-22 Vojtěch Spiwok , Martin Kurečka , Aleš Křenek