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Digital pathology based on whole slide images (WSIs) plays a key role in cancer diagnosis and clinical practice. Due to the high resolution of the WSI and the unavailability of patch-level annotations, WSI classification is usually…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-05-02 Litao Yang , Deval Mehta , Sidong Liu , Dwarikanath Mahapatra , Antonio Di Ieva , Zongyuan Ge

Histopathology Whole Slide Image (WSI) analysis serves as the gold standard for clinical cancer diagnosis in the daily routines of doctors. To develop computer-aided diagnosis model for WSIs, previous methods typically employ Multi-Instance…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-21 Honglin Li , Yunlong Zhang , Pingyi Chen , Zhongyi Shui , Chenglu Zhu , Lin Yang

In the application of Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) methods for Whole Slide Image (WSI) classification, attention mechanisms often focus on a subset of discriminative instances, which are closely linked to overfitting. To mitigate…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-08 Yunlong Zhang , Honglin Li , Yuxuan Sun , Sunyi Zheng , Chenglu Zhu , Lin Yang

Multiple instance learning (MIL) has become a preferred method for gigapixel whole slide image (WSI) classification without requiring patch-level annotations. Current MIL research primarily relies on embedding-based approaches, which…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-10 Bryan Wong , Sungrae Hong , Mun Yong Yi

Histology analysis of the tumor micro-environment integrated with genomic assays is the gold standard for most cancers in modern medicine. This paper proposes a Gene-induced Multimodal Pre-training (GiMP) framework, which jointly…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-09-07 Ting Jin , Xingran Xie , Renjie Wan , Qingli Li , Yan Wang

Whole slide image (WSI) refers to a type of high-resolution scanned tissue image, which is extensively employed in computer-assisted diagnosis (CAD). The extremely high resolution and limited availability of region-level annotations make…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-09-06 Ruijie Zhang , Qiaozhe Zhang , Yingzhuang Liu , Hao Xin , Yan Liu , Xinggang Wang

Digital histopathology whole slide images (WSIs) provide gigapixel-scale high-resolution images that are highly useful for disease diagnosis. However, digital histopathology image analysis faces significant challenges due to the limited…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Bodong Zhang , Xiwen Li , Hamid Manoochehri , Xiaoya Tang , Deepika Sirohi , Beatrice S. Knudsen , Tolga Tasdizen

Whole-slide image (WSI) classification is a challenging task because 1) patches from WSI lack annotation, and 2) WSI possesses unnecessary variability, e.g., stain protocol. Recently, Multiple-Instance Learning (MIL) has made significant…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Joohyung Lee , Heejeong Nam , Kwanhyung Lee , Sangchul Hahn

Whole slide images (WSIs) are the gold standard for pathological diagnosis and sub-typing. Current main-stream two-step frameworks employ offline feature encoders trained without domain-specific knowledge. Among them, attention-based…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Mingrui Ma , Chentao Li , Pan Huang , Jing Qin

The whole slide image (WSI) classification is often formulated as a multiple instance learning (MIL) problem. Since the positive tissue is only a small fraction of the gigapixel WSI, existing MIL methods intuitively focus on identifying…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-12-22 Wenhao Tang , Sheng Huang , Xiaoxian Zhang , Fengtao Zhou , Yi Zhang , Bo Liu

Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) has garnered widespread attention in the field of Whole Slide Image (WSI) classification as it replaces pixel-level manual annotation with diagnostic reports as labels, significantly reducing labor costs.…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-07-08 Tianhang Nan , Hao Quan , Yong Ding , Xingyu Li , Kai Yang , Xiaoyu Cui

Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) has advanced WSI analysis but struggles with the complexity and heterogeneity of WSIs. Existing MIL methods face challenges in aggregating diverse patch information into robust WSI representations. While…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-28 Beidi Zhao , SangMook Kim , Hao Chen , Chen Zhou , Zu-hua Gao , Gang Wang , Xiaoxiao Li

Recently, pathological diagnosis has achieved superior performance by combining deep learning models with the multiple instance learning (MIL) framework using whole slide images (WSIs). However, the giga-pixeled nature of WSIs poses a great…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-31 Zijie Fang , Yifeng Wang , Ye Zhang , Zhi Wang , Jian Zhang , Xiangyang Ji , Yongbing Zhang

Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) has emerged as the best solution for Whole Slide Image (WSI) classification. It consists of dividing each slide into patches, which are treated as a bag of instances labeled with a global label. MIL includes…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-05 Ali Mammadov , Loic Le Folgoc , Julien Adam , Anne Buronfosse , Gilles Hayem , Guillaume Hocquet , Pietro Gori

Pathological captioning of Whole Slide Images (WSIs), though is essential in computer-aided pathological diagnosis, has rarely been studied due to the limitations in datasets and model training efficacy. In this paper, we propose a new…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-01 Wenkang Qin , Rui Xu , Peixiang Huang , Xiaomin Wu , Heyu Zhang , Lin Luo

Distribution shift is a common challenge in medical images obtained from different clinical centers, significantly hindering the deployment of pre-trained semantic segmentation models in real-world applications across multiple domains.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Lingrui Li , Yanfeng Zhou , Nan Pu , Xin Chen , Zhun Zhong

Multiple instance learning (MIL) has enabled substantial progress in computational histopathology, where a large amount of patches from gigapixel whole slide images are aggregated into slide-level predictions. Heatmaps are widely used to…

Multi-instance learning (MIL) is an effective paradigm for whole-slide pathological images (WSIs) classification to handle the gigapixel resolution and slide-level label. Prevailing MIL methods primarily focus on improving the feature…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-14 Tiancheng Lin , Zhimiao Yu , Hongyu Hu , Yi Xu , Chang Wen Chen

The Segment Anything Model (SAM) has exhibited outstanding performance in various image segmentation tasks. Despite being trained with over a billion masks, SAM faces challenges in mask prediction quality in numerous scenarios, especially…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-01-25 Zhaozhi Xie , Bochen Guan , Weihao Jiang , Muyang Yi , Yue Ding , Hongtao Lu , Lei Zhang

Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) is a cornerstone approach in computational pathology (CPath) for generating clinically meaningful slide-level embeddings from gigapixel tissue images. However, MIL often struggles with small, weakly…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-12 Daniel Shao , Richard J. Chen , Andrew H. Song , Joel Runevic , Ming Y. Lu , Tong Ding , Faisal Mahmood