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Incremental learning is a machine learning paradigm where a model learns from a sequential stream of tasks. This setting poses a key challenge: balancing plasticity (learning new tasks) and stability (preserving past knowledge). Neural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Matteo Gambella , Manuel Roveri

Class Incremental Learning (CIL) aims to handle the scenario where data of novel classes occur continuously and sequentially. The model should recognize the sequential novel classes while alleviating the catastrophic forgetting. In the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-16 Xiaoshuang Chen , Zhongyi Sun , Ke Yan , Shouhong Ding , Hongtao Lu

Class-Incremental Learning (CIL) aims to enable AI models to continuously learn from sequentially arriving data of different classes over time while retaining previously acquired knowledge. Recently, Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning (PEFT)…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Huaijie Wang , De Cheng , Lingfeng He , Yan Li , Jie Li , Nannan Wang , Xinbo Gao

Class-Incremental Learning (CIL) aims to sequentially learn new classes while mitigating catastrophic forgetting of previously learned knowledge. Conventional CIL approaches implicitly assume that classes are morphologically static,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Zheng Zhang , Tao Hu , Xueheng Li , Yang Wang , Rui Li , Jie Zhang , Chengjun Xie

Ensemble learning is a popular technique to improve the accuracy of machine learning models. It traditionally hinges on the rationale that aggregating multiple weak models can lead to better models with lower variance and hence higher…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-01-06 Huajie Qian , Donghao Ying , Henry Lam , Wotao Yin

This paper studies the challenging continual learning (CL) setting of Class Incremental Learning (CIL). CIL learns a sequence of tasks consisting of disjoint sets of concepts or classes. At any time, a single model is built that can be…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-23 Gyuhak Kim , Changnan Xiao , Tatsuya Konishi , Bing Liu

In class-incremental learning, the model is expected to learn new classes continually while maintaining knowledge on previous classes. The challenge here lies in preserving the model's ability to effectively represent prior classes in the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-08-17 Arjun Ashok , K J Joseph , Vineeth Balasubramanian

Class-incremental learning (CIL) aims to acquire new classes over time while retaining prior knowledge, yet most setups and methods assume balanced task streams. In practice, the number of classes per task often varies significantly. We…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Xiaoyan Zhang , Jiangpeng He

Due to the model aging problem, Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) need updates to adjust them to new data distributions. The common practice leverages incremental learning (IL), e.g., Class-based Incremental Learning (CIL) that updates output…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-11 Xuanqi Gao , Juan Zhai , Shiqing Ma , Chao Shen , Yufei Chen , Shiwei Wang

Continual learning remains constrained by the need for repeated retraining, high computational costs, and the persistent challenge of forgetting. These factors significantly limit the applicability of continuous learning in real-world…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Shishir Muralidhara , Didier Stricker , René Schuster

With the memory-resource-limited constraints, class-incremental learning (CIL) usually suffers from the "catastrophic forgetting" problem when updating the joint classification model on the arrival of newly added classes. To cope with the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-19 Hanbin Zhao , Hui Wang , Yongjian Fu , Fei Wu , Xi Li

Class-Incremental Learning (CIL) requires a learning system to continually learn new classes without forgetting. Existing pre-trained model-based CIL methods often freeze the pre-trained network and adapt to incremental tasks using…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Yan Wang , Da-Wei Zhou , Han-Jia Ye

Class-Incremental Learning (CIL) aims to build classification models from data streams. At each step of the CIL process, new classes must be integrated into the model. Due to catastrophic forgetting, CIL is particularly challenging when…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-28 Grégoire Petit , Michael Soumm , Eva Feillet , Adrian Popescu , Bertrand Delezoide , David Picard , Céline Hudelot

Class incremental learning(CIL) has attracted much attention, but most existing related works focus on fine-tuning the entire representation model, which inevitably results in much catastrophic forgetting. In the contrast, with a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-02-10 Jieren Deng , Jianhua Hu , Haojian Zhang , Yunkuan Wang

Deep transfer learning techniques try to tackle the limitations of deep learning, the dependency on extensive training data and the training costs, by reusing obtained knowledge. However, the current DTL techniques suffer from either…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-12 Mohammadreza Iman , John A. Miller , Khaled Rasheed , Robert M. Branch , Hamid R. Arabnia

Class-Incremental Learning (CIL) or continual learning is a desired capability in the real world, which requires a learning system to adapt to new tasks without forgetting former ones. While traditional CIL methods focus on visual…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-02-13 Da-Wei Zhou , Yuanhan Zhang , Yan Wang , Jingyi Ning , Han-Jia Ye , De-Chuan Zhan , Ziwei Liu

Class-Incremental Learning (CIL) aims to solve the neural networks' catastrophic forgetting problem, which refers to the fact that once the network updates on a new task, its performance on previously-learned tasks drops dramatically. Most…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-04-21 Libo Huang , Yan Zeng , Chuanguang Yang , Zhulin An , Boyu Diao , Yongjun Xu

Class-incremental learning (CIL) aims to develop a learning system that can continually learn new classes from a data stream without forgetting previously learned classes. When learning classes incrementally, the classifier must be…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-29 Minqian Liu , Lifu Huang

Class Incremental Learning (CIL) requires models to continuously learn new classes without forgetting previously learned ones, while maintaining stable performance across all possible class sequences. In real-world settings, the order in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Guannan Lai , Da-Wei Zhou , Xin Yang , Han-Jia Ye

Existing Class Incremental Learning (CIL) methods are based on a supervised classification framework sensitive to data labels. When updating them based on the new class data, they suffer from catastrophic forgetting: the model cannot…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-23 Zixuan Ni , Siliang Tang , Yueting Zhuang