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The rapid development of 6G systems demands advanced technologies to boost network capacity and spectral efficiency, particularly in the context of intelligent reflecting surfaces (IRS)-aided millimeter-wave (mmWave) communications. A key…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-19 Xiaokun Tuo , Zijian Chen , Ming-Min Zhao , Changsheng You , Min-Jian Zhao

In this paper, we investigate the uplink performance of cell-free (CF) extremely large-scale multiple-input-multipleoutput (XL-MIMO) systems, which is a promising technique for future wireless communications. More specifically, we consider…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-02-15 Hao Lei , Zhe Wang , Huahua Xiao , Jiayi Zhang , Bo Ai

This work establishes a framework of near-field communication under different array geometries of extremely large-scale multiple-input multiple-output (XL-MIMO). We first formulate the near-field spatial non-stationary channel model which…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-19 Kangda Zhi , Yi Song , Tianyu Yang , Tuo Wu , Tengjiao Wang , Songyan Xue , Fangzhou Wu , Giuseppe Caire

Extremely large antenna arrays and high-frequency operation are two key technologies that advance performance metrics such as higher data rates, lower latency, and wider coverage in sixth-generation communications. However, the adoption of…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-02-26 Van-Chung Luu , Toan-Van Nguyen , Nuria González-Prelcic , Duy H. N. Nguyen

Extremely large-scale multiple-input multiple-output (XL-MIMO) enables the formation of narrow beams, effectively mitigating path loss in high-frequency communications. This capability makes the integration of wideband high-frequency…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-05-27 Peicong Zheng , Xuantao Lyu , Ye Wang , Yi Gong

Extremely large-scale multiple-input multiple-output (XL-MIMO) is a key technology for next-generation wireless communication systems. By deploying significantly more antennas than conventional massive MIMO systems, XL-MIMO promises…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Ming Zeng , Ji Wang , Wanming Hao , Zheng Chu , Wenwu Xie , Quoc-Viet Pham

Extremely large-scale massive MIMO (XL-MIMO) is a promising technique for future 6G communications.However, existing far-field or near-field channel model mismatches the hybrid-field channel feature in the practical XL-MIMO…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2021-11-23 Xiuhong Wei , Linglong Dai

One of the most important technologies in the fifth generation (5G) and the sixth generation (6G) is massive multiple input multiple outputs (MIMO) or extremely large-scale MIMO (XL-MIMO). With the evolving high-frequency technologies in…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-03-25 Xiangyu Cui , Ki-Hong Park , Mohamed-Slim Alouini

To address the complexities of spatial non-stationary (SnS) effects and spherical wave propagation in near-field channel estimation (CE) for extremely large-scale multiple-input multiple-output (XL-MIMO) systems, this paper proposes an…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-01 Shuhang Yang , Puguang An , Peng Yang , Xianbin Cao , Dapeng Oliver Wu , Tony Q. S. Quek

Accurate channel model and channel estimation are essential to empower extremely large-scale MIMO (XL-MIMO) in 6G networks with ultra-high spectral efficiency. With the sharp increase in the antenna array aperture of the XL-MIMO scenario,…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-04-25 Yu Lu , Linglong Dai

This paper addresses the challenge of channel estimation in extremely large-scale multiple-input multiple-output (XL-MIMO) systems, pivotal for the advancement of 6G communications. XL-MIMO systems, characterized by their vast antenna…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-22 Sunho Kim , Wan Choi

Mid-band extra-large-scale multiple-input multiple-output (XL-MIMO), emerging as a critical enabler for future communication systems, is expected to deliver significantly higher throughput by leveraging the extended bandwidth and enlarged…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-16 Jiachen Tian , Yu Han , Xiao Li , Shi Jin , Chao-Kai Wen

In pursuit of enhanced quality of service and higher transmission rates, communication within the mid-band spectrum, such as bands in the 6-15 GHz range, combined with extra large-scale multiple-input multiple-output (XL-MIMO), is…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-08-21 Jiachen Tian , Yu Han , Xiao Li , Shi Jin , Chao-Kai Wen

Next-generation wireless technologies such as 6G aim to meet demanding requirements such as ultra-high data rates, low latency, and enhanced connectivity. Extremely Large-Scale MIMO (XL-MIMO) and Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface (RIS) are…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-01-01 Muhammad Kamran Saeed , Ashfaq Khokhar , Shakil Ahmed

Extremely large-scale multiple-input multiple-output (XL-MIMO) is expected to be an important technology in future sixth generation (6G) networks. Compared with conventional single-polarized XL-MIMO, where signals are transmitted and…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-02-21 Shuhao Zeng , Boya Di , Hongliang Zhang , Zhu Han , H. Vincent Poor

Extremely large-scale multiple-input multiple-output (XL-MIMO) systems are a key technology for future wireless networks, but the large array aperture naturally creates a hybrid-field (HF) propagation regime in which far-field (FF)…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-02-04 David William Marques Guerra , Taufik Abrao

Since the beam squint and near-field effects both inherently exist in upper-6 GHz (U6G) extremely large-scale multiple-input multiple-output (XL-MIMO) systems, wideband near-field channel estimation faces severe challenges, such as higher…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-22 Zhizheng Lu , Yu Han , Xiao Li , Shi Jin , Michail Matthaiou

Extremely large-scale multiple-input multiple-output (XL-MIMO) is a key enabler for sixth-generation (6G) communications. However, near-field channel estimation is particularly challenging due to spherical-wave propagation and spatial…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-14 Qingxia Feng , Pan Fang , Meng Hua , Chunguo Li , Yongming Huang , Luxi Yang

This paper proposes a novel pilot scheme for multi-user uplink channel estimation in extra-large-scale massive MIMO (XL-MIMO) systems with extremely large aperture arrays (ELAA). The large aperture of ELAA introduces spatial…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-12 Yumeng Zhang , Huayan Guo , Vincent Lau

This paper considers a single-cell massive MIMO (multiple-input multiple-output) system with dual-polarized antennas at both the base station and users. We study a channel model that includes the key practical aspects that arise when…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2022-09-21 Özgecan Özdogan , Emil Björnson