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We show that states obtained from deep random Clifford circuits doped with non-Clifford phase gates (including T-gates and $\sqrt{\mathrm{T}}$-gates) can be disentangled completely, provided the number of non-Clifford gates is smaller or…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-08 Gerald E. Fux , Benjamin Béri , Rosario Fazio , Emanuele Tirrito

Circuit cutting is a promising technique that leverages both quantum and classical computational resources, enabling the practical execution of large quantum circuits on noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) hardware. Recent approaches…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-15 Shuwen Kan , Yanni Li , Hao Wang , Sara Mouradian , Ying Mao

Determining the quantum-classical boundary between quantum circuits which can be efficiently simulated classically and those which cannot remains a fundamental question. One approach to classical simulation is to represent the output of a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-06 Zejun Liu , Bryan K. Clark

Quantum error correction is believed to be essential for scalable quantum computation, but its implementation is challenging due to its considerable space-time overhead. Motivated by recent experiments demonstrating efficient manipulation…

Classical simulation of quantum circuits is a pivotal part of the quantum computing landscape, specially within the NISQ era, where the constraints imposed by available hardware are unavoidable. The Gottesman-Knill theorem further motivates…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-23 Fernando Lima , Arcesio Castañeda Medina

One of the key problems in tensor network based quantum circuit simulation is the construction of a contraction tree which minimizes the cost of the simulation, where the cost can be expressed in the number of operations as a proxy for the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-09-08 Cameron Ibrahim , Danylo Lykov , Zichang He , Yuri Alexeev , Ilya Safro

Quantum circuit optimization - the process of transforming a quantum circuit into an equivalent one with reduced time and space requirements - is crucial for maximizing the utility of current and near-future quantum devices. While most…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-23 Marcin Szyniszewski , Aleks Kissinger , Noah Linden , Paul Skrzypczyk

In order to perform universal fault-tolerant quantum computation, one needs to implement a logical non-Clifford gate. Consequently, it is important to understand codes that implement such gates transversally. In this paper, we adopt an…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-08-20 Narayanan Rengaswamy , Robert Calderbank , Michael Newman , Henry D. Pfister

Fault-tolerant quantum computing typically requires the transpilation of arbitrary quantum circuits into a finite, universal gate set, such as Clifford+T. As a baseline, Diagonal approximation can be used for synthesizing single-qubit Pauli…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-12 Gilad Kishony , Avi Elazari , Ron Cohen , Lior Gazit

We present a new graphical calculus that is sound and complete for a universal family of quantum circuits, which can be seen as the natural string-diagrammatic extension of the approximately (real-valued) universal family of Hadamard+CCZ…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-01-30 Miriam Backens , Aleks Kissinger

We study the task of smoothing a circuit, i.e., ensuring that all children of a plus-gate mention the same variables. Circuits serve as the building blocks of state-of-the-art inference algorithms on discrete probabilistic graphical models…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-10-29 Andy Shih , Guy Van den Broeck , Paul Beame , Antoine Amarilli

We present Tsim, an open-source high-throughput simulator for universal noisy quantum circuits targeting quantum error correction. Tsim represents quantum circuits as ZX diagrams, where Pauli channels are modeled as parameterized vertices.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-02 Rafael Haenel , Xiuzhe Luo , Chen Zhao

Multi-controlled Toffoli gates are fundamental building blocks in quantum computation, with applications in quantum arithmetic, simulation, and search algorithms. In fault-tolerant architectures, their realization is constrained by the high…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-19 Abhoy Kole , Majd Assaad , Till Schnittka , Rolf Drechsler

Counting the solutions to Boolean formulae defines the problem #SAT, which is complete for the complexity class #P. We use the ZH-calculus, a universal and complete graphical language for linear maps which naturally encodes counting…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2023-09-01 Tuomas Laakkonen , Konstantinos Meichanetzidis , John van de Wetering

The fragile nature of quantum information limits our ability to construct large quantities of quantum bits suitable for quantum computing. An important goal, therefore, is to minimize the amount of resources required to implement quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-04-11 Adam Paetznick , Austin G. Fowler

Simulating molecular systems on quantum processors has the potential to surpass classical methods in computational resource efficiency. The limited qubit connectivity, small processor size, and short coherence times of near-term quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-08 Abhishek Sadhu , Aritra Sarkar , Akash Kundu

Fault-tolerant quantum computation (FTQC) is essential to implement quantum algorithms in a noise-resilient way, and thus to enjoy advantages of quantum computers even with presence of noise. In FTQC, a quantum circuit is decomposed into…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-23 Kohdai Kuroiwa , Yuya O. Nakagawa

We describe a new sampling-based method to determine cuts in an undirected graph. For a graph (V, E), its cycle space is the family of all subsets of E that have even degree at each vertex. We prove that with high probability, sampling the…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2010-07-22 David Pritchard , Ramakrishna Thurimella

Quantum error correction is essential for achieving practical quantum computing but has a significant computational overhead. Among fault-tolerant (FT) gate operations, non-Clifford gates, such as $T$, are particularly expensive due to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-27 Tianyi Hao , Amanda Xu , Swamit Tannu

Optimizing quantum circuits by reducing circuit depth is essential for improving the efficiency and scalability of quantum algorithms, particularly as quantum hardware continues to evolve. This can be achieved by restructuring quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-07 Folkert de Ronde , Stephan Wong , Sebastian Feld