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Energy-based language models (ELMs) parameterize an unnormalized distribution for natural sentences and are radically different from popular autoregressive language models (ALMs). As an important application, ELMs have been successfully…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-30 Hong Liu , Zhaobiao Lv , Zhijian Ou , Wenbo Zhao , Qing Xiao

Energy-Based Models (EBMs), also known as non-normalized probabilistic models, specify probability density or mass functions up to an unknown normalizing constant. Unlike most other probabilistic models, EBMs do not place a restriction on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-19 Yang Song , Diederik P. Kingma

We motivate Energy-Based Models (EBMs) as a promising model class for continual learning problems. Instead of tackling continual learning via the use of external memory, growing models, or regularization, EBMs change the underlying training…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-05 Shuang Li , Yilun Du , Gido M. van de Ven , Igor Mordatch

Text generation is ubiquitous in many NLP tasks, from summarization, to dialogue and machine translation. The dominant parametric approach is based on locally normalized models which predict one word at a time. While these work remarkably…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-04-27 Yuntian Deng , Anton Bakhtin , Myle Ott , Arthur Szlam , Marc'Aurelio Ranzato

Energy based models (EBMs) are appealing due to their generality and simplicity in likelihood modeling, but have been traditionally difficult to train. We present techniques to scale MCMC based EBM training on continuous neural networks,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-01 Yilun Du , Igor Mordatch

Energy-based models (EBMs) have experienced a resurgence within machine learning in recent years, including as a promising alternative for probabilistic regression. However, energy-based regression requires a proposal distribution to be…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-08 Fredrik K. Gustafsson , Martin Danelljan , Thomas B. Schön

Energy-Based Models (EBMs) have proven to be a highly effective approach for modelling densities on finite-dimensional spaces. Their ability to incorporate domain-specific choices and constraints into the structure of the model through…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-24 Jen Ning Lim , Sebastian Vollmer , Lorenz Wolf , Andrew Duncan

Autoregressive models (ARMs) currently constitute the dominant paradigm for large language models (LLMs). Energy-based models (EBMs) represent another class of models, which have historically been less prevalent in LLM development, yet…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Mathieu Blondel , Michael E. Sander , Germain Vivier-Ardisson , Tianlin Liu , Vincent Roulet

Energy-based models (EBMs), a.k.a. un-normalized models, have had recent successes in continuous spaces. However, they have not been successfully applied to model text sequences. While decreasing the energy at training samples is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-26 Anton Bakhtin , Sam Gross , Myle Ott , Yuntian Deng , Marc'Aurelio Ranzato , Arthur Szlam

Energy-based models (EBMs) are powerful probabilistic models, but suffer from intractable sampling and density evaluation due to the partition function. As a result, inference in EBMs relies on approximate sampling algorithms, leading to a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-01-10 Dieterich Lawson , George Tucker , Bo Dai , Rajesh Ranganath

Energy-based models (EBMs) provide a powerful and flexible way of learning a joint probability distribution over data by constructing an energy surface. This energy surface enables insight extraction and conditional sampling. We apply EBMs…

Plasma Physics · Physics 2026-05-12 Phil Travis , Troy Carter

Energy-Based Models have emerged as a powerful framework in the realm of generative modeling, offering a unique perspective that aligns closely with principles of statistical mechanics. This review aims to provide physicists with a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Davide Carbone

Energy-based models (EBM) have become increasingly popular within computer vision. EBMs bring a probabilistic approach to training deep neural networks (DNN) and have been shown to enhance performance in areas such as calibration,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-05 Jacob Piland , Christopher Sweet , Priscila Saboia , Charles Vardeman , Adam Czajka

Latent space Energy-Based Models (EBMs), also known as energy-based priors, have drawn growing interests in generative modeling. Fueled by its flexibility in the formulation and strong modeling power of the latent space, recent works built…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-06 Peiyu Yu , Sirui Xie , Xiaojian Ma , Baoxiong Jia , Bo Pang , Ruiqi Gao , Yixin Zhu , Song-Chun Zhu , Ying Nian Wu

Energy-based models (EBMs) are versatile density estimation models that directly parameterize an unnormalized log density. Although very flexible, EBMs lack a specified normalization constant of the model, making the likelihood of the model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-20 Louis Grenioux , Éric Moulines , Marylou Gabrié

Model-based planning holds great promise for improving both sample efficiency and generalization in reinforcement learning (RL). We show that energy-based models (EBMs) are a promising class of models to use for model-based planning. EBMs…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-09 Yilun Du , Toru Lin , Igor Mordatch

Energy-based models (EBMs) are a simple yet powerful framework for generative modeling. They are based on a trainable energy function which defines an associated Gibbs measure, and they can be trained and sampled from via well-established…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-06 Carles Domingo-Enrich , Alberto Bietti , Eric Vanden-Eijnden , Joan Bruna

Energy-based models (EBMs) offer a flexible framework for probabilistic modelling across various data domains. However, training EBMs on data in discrete or mixed state spaces poses significant challenges due to the lack of robust and fast…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-12-03 Tobias Schröder , Zijing Ou , Yingzhen Li , Andrew B. Duncan

In this paper, we focus on the problem of integrating Energy-based Models (EBM) as guiding priors for motion optimization. EBMs are a set of neural networks that can represent expressive probability density distributions in terms of a Gibbs…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-01-13 Julen Urain , An T. Le , Alexander Lambert , Georgia Chalvatzaki , Byron Boots , Jan Peters

Recently there has been a lot of interest in non-autoregressive (non-AR) models for speech synthesis, such as FastSpeech 2 and diffusion models. Unlike AR models, these models do not have autoregressive dependencies among outputs which…

Sound · Computer Science 2023-10-20 Wanli Sun , Zehai Tu , Anton Ragni
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