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Large language models (LLMs) face low hardware efficiency during decoding, especially for long-context reasoning tasks. This paper introduces Step-3, a 321B-parameter VLM with hardware-aware model-system co-design optimized for minimizing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-28 StepFun , : , Bin Wang , Bojun Wang , Changyi Wan , Guanzhe Huang , Hanpeng Hu , Haonan Jia , Hao Nie , Mingliang Li , Nuo Chen , Siyu Chen , Song Yuan , Wuxun Xie , Xiaoniu Song , Xing Chen , Xingping Yang , Xuelin Zhang , Yanbo Yu , Yaoyu Wang , Yibo Zhu , Yimin Jiang , Yu Zhou , Yuanwei Lu , Houyi Li , Jingcheng Hu , Ka Man Lo , Ailin Huang , Binxing Jiao , Bo Li , Boyu Chen , Changxin Miao , Chang Lou , Chen Hu , Chen Xu , Chenfeng Yu , Chengyuan Yao , Daokuan Lv , Dapeng Shi , Deshan Sun , Ding Huang , Dingyuan Hu , Dongqing Pang , Enle Liu , Fajie Zhang , Fanqi Wan , Gulin Yan , Han Zhang , Han Zhou , Hanghao Wu , Hangyu Guo , Hanqi Chen , Hanshan Zhang , Hao Wu , Haocheng Zhang , Haolong Yan , Haoran Lv , Haoran Wei , Hebin Zhou , Heng Wang , Heng Wang , Hongxin Li , Hongyu Zhou , Hongyuan Wang , Huiyong Guo , Jia Wang , Jiahao Gong , Jialing Xie , Jian Zhou , Jianjian Sun , Jiaoren Wu , Jiaran Zhang , Jiayu Liu , Jie Cheng , Jie Luo , Jie Yan , Jie Yang , Jieyi Hou , Jinguang Zhang , Jinlan Cao , Jisheng Yin , Junfeng Liu , Junhao Huang , Junzhe Lin , Kaijun Tan , Kaixiang Li , Kang An , Kangheng Lin , Kenkun Liu , Lei Yang , Liang Zhao , Liangyu Chen , Lieyu Shi , Liguo Tan , Lin Lin , Lin Zhang , Lina Chen , Liwen Huang , Liying Shi , Longlong Gu , Mei Chen , Mengqiang Ren , Ming Li , Mingzhe Chen , Na Wang , Nan Wu , Qi Han , Qian Zhao , Qiang Zhang , Qianni Liu , Qiaohui Chen , Qiling Wu , Qinglin He , Qinyuan Tan , Qiufeng Wang , Qiuping Wu , Qiuyan Liang , Quan Sun , Rui Li , Ruihang Miao , Ruosi Wan , Ruyan Guo , Shangwu Zhong , Shaoliang Pang , Shengjie Fan , Shijie Shang , Shilei Jiang , Shiliang Yang , Shiming Hao , Shuli Gao , Siming Huang , Siqi Liu , Tiancheng Cao , Tianhao Cheng , Tianhao Peng , Wang You , Wei Ji , Wen Sun , Wenjin Deng , Wenqing He , Wenzhen Zheng , Xi Chen , Xiangwen Kong , Xianzhen Luo , Xiaobo Yang , Xiaojia Liu , Xiaoxiao Ren , Xin Han , Xin Li , Xin Wu , Xu Zhao , Yanan Wei , Yang Li , Yangguang Li , Yangshijie Xu , Yanming Xu , Yaqiang Shi , Yeqing Shen , Yi Yang , Yifei Yang , Yifeng Gong , Yihan Chen , Yijing Yang , Yinmin Zhang , Yizhuang Zhou , Yuanhao Ding , Yuantao Fan , Yuanzhen Yang , Yuchu Luo , Yue Peng , Yufan Lu , Yuhang Deng , Yuhe Yin , Yujie Liu , Yukun Chen , Yuling Zhao , Yun Mou , Yunlong Li , Yunzhou Ju , Yusheng Li , Yuxiang Yang , Yuxiang Zhang , Yuyang Chen , Zejia Weng , Zhe Xie , Zheng Ge , Zheng Gong , Zhenyi Lu , Zhewei Huang , Zhichao Chang , Zhiguo Huang , Zhirui Wang , Zidong Yang , Zili Wang , Ziqi Wang , Zixin Zhang , Binxing Jiao , Daxin Jiang , Heung-Yeung Shum , Xiangyu Zhang

Speculative decoding (SD) accelerates large language model inference by leveraging a draft-then-verify paradigm. To maximize the acceptance rate, recent methods construct expansive draft trees, which unfortunately incur severe VRAM…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Yuhao Shen , Tianyu Liu , Xinyi Hu , Quan Kong , Baolin Zhang , Jun Dai , Jun Zhang , Shuang Ge , Lei Chen , Yue Li , Mingcheng Wan , Cong Wang

Transformer-based QA models use input-wide self-attention -- i.e. across both the question and the input passage -- at all layers, causing them to be slow and memory-intensive. It turns out that we can get by without input-wide…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-05-05 Qingqing Cao , Harsh Trivedi , Aruna Balasubramanian , Niranjan Balasubramanian

We present ARTA, a mixed-resolution coarse-to-fine vision transformer for efficient dense feature extraction. Unlike models that begin with dense high-resolution (fine) tokens, ARTA starts with low-resolution (coarse) tokens and uses a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-30 David Hagerman , Roman Naeem , Erik Brorsson , Fredrik Kahl , Lennart Svensson

A number of deep learning based algorithms have been proposed to recover high-quality videos from low-quality compressed ones. Among them, some restore the missing details of each frame via exploring the spatiotemporal information of…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-08-13 Minyi Zhao , Yi Xu , Shuigeng Zhou

State-of-the-art multimodal journey-planning algorithms, such as ULTRA, have recently been adapted to account for delays. In this work, we extend this approach to be more memory-efficient, faster, and accurate. We also adapt this framework…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Denys Katkalo , Andrii Rohovyi , Toby Walsh

Multi-head self-attention forms the core of Transformer networks. However, their quadratically growing complexity with respect to the input sequence length impedes their deployment on resource-constrained edge devices. We address this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-08 Zuzana Jelčicová , Marian Verhelst

Pruning is a promising approach to compress deep learning models in order to deploy them on resource-constrained edge devices. However, many existing pruning solutions are based on unstructured pruning, which yields models that cannot…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-16 Kaiqi Zhao , Animesh Jain , Ming Zhao

There has been an explosion of interest in designing high-performance Transformers. While Transformers have delivered significant performance improvements, training such networks is extremely memory intensive owing to storing all…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-08-30 Zizheng Pan , Peng Chen , Haoyu He , Jing Liu , Jianfei Cai , Bohan Zhuang

Self-attention mechanism is the key of the Transformer but often criticized for its computation demands. Previous token pruning works motivate their methods from the view of computation redundancy but still need to load the full network and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-09 Sihao Lin , Pumeng Lyu , Dongrui Liu , Tao Tang , Xiaodan Liang , Andy Song , Xiaojun Chang

DETR is the first end-to-end object detector using a transformer encoder-decoder architecture and demonstrates competitive performance but low computational efficiency on high resolution feature maps. The subsequent work, Deformable DETR,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-03-07 Byungseok Roh , JaeWoong Shin , Wuhyun Shin , Saehoon Kim

The early detection of pancreatic neoplasm is a major clinical dilemma, and it is predominantly so because tumors are likely to occur with minimal contrast margins and a large spread anatomy-wide variation amongst patients on a CT scan.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-19 Janani Annur Thiruvengadam , Kiran Mayee Nabigaru , Anusha Kovi

Multi-Head Latent Attention (MLA), introduced in DeepSeek-V2, improves the efficiency of large language models by projecting query, key, and value tensors into a compact latent space. This architectural change reduces the KV-cache size and…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Robin Geens , Marian Verhelst

Spiking Neural Networks have attracted significant attention in recent years due to their distinctive low-power characteristics. Meanwhile, Transformer models, known for their powerful self-attention mechanisms and parallel processing…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-12-19 Hangming Zhang , Alexander Sboev , Roman Rybka , Qiang Yu

Deep learning models for channel estimation in Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) systems often suffer from performance degradation under fast-fading channels and low-SNR scenarios. To address these limitations, we introduce…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-15 Berkay Guler , Hamid Jafarkhani

The Transformer has been an indispensable staple in deep learning. However, for real-life applications, it is very challenging to deploy efficient Transformers due to immense parameters and operations of models. To relieve this burden,…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2022-11-01 Chao Fang , Aojun Zhou , Zhongfeng Wang

In this work, we present DeFTAN-II, an efficient multichannel speech enhancement model based on transformer architecture and subgroup processing. Despite the success of transformers in speech enhancement, they face challenges in capturing…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-12 Dongheon Lee , Jung-Woo Choi

In recent years deep learning algorithms have shown extremely high performance on machine learning tasks such as image classification and speech recognition. In support of such applications, various FPGA accelerator architectures have been…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-05-09 Xinyu Zhang , Srinjoy Das , Ojash Neopane , Ken Kreutz-Delgado

The attention mechanism is a core component of the Transformer architecture. Various methods have been developed to compute attention scores, including multi-head attention (MHA), multi-query attention, group-query attention and so on. We…

Our work combines aspects of three promising paradigms in machine learning, namely, attention mechanism, energy-based models, and associative memory. Attention is the power-house driving modern deep learning successes, but it lacks clear…