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As large language models (LLMs) continue to be deployed and utilized across domains, the volume of LLM-generated data is growing rapidly. This trend highlights the increasing importance of effective and lossless compression for such data in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-13 Yu Mao , Holger Pirk , Chun Jason Xue

A Straight-Line Program (SLP) $G$ for a string $T$ is a context-free grammar (CFG) that derives $T$ only, which can be considered as a compressed representation of $T$. In this paper, we show how to encode $G$ in $n \lceil \lg N \rceil + (n…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Akito Takasaka , Tomohiro I

We consider the reachability problem for timed automata. A standard solution to this problem involves computing a search tree whose nodes are abstractions of zones. For efficiency reasons, they are parametrized by the maximal lower and…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2013-01-21 Frédéric Herbreteau , B. Srivathsan , Igor Walukiewicz

In this paper we compare the difference in performance of two of the Prediction by Partial Matching (PPM) family of compressors (PPM$^*$ and the original Bounded PPM algorithm) and the Lempel-Ziv 78 (LZ) algorithm. We construct an infinite…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2021-01-21 Liam Jordon , Philippe Moser

In this paper, we propose a new \emph{dynamic compressed index} of $O(w)$ space for a dynamic text $T$, where $w = O(\min(z \log N \log^*M, N))$ is the size of the signature encoding of $T$, $z$ is the size of the Lempel-Ziv77 (LZ77)…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2016-07-20 Takaaki Nishimoto , Tomohiro I , Shunsuke Inenaga , Hideo Bannai , Masayuki Takeda

The most fundamental problem considered in algorithms for text processing is pattern matching: given a pattern $p$ of length $m$ and a text $t$ of length $n$, does $p$ occur in $t$? Multiple versions of this basic question have been…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2021-11-10 Moses Ganardi , Paweł Gawrychowski

A popular approach to sentence compression is to formulate the task as a constrained optimization problem and solve it with integer linear programming (ILP) tools. Unfortunately, dependence on ILP may make the compressor prohibitively slow,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2015-10-29 Katja Filippova , Enrique Alfonseca

Lempel-Ziv complexity (LZC) is a key measure for detecting the irregularity and complexity of nonlinear time series and has seen various improvements in recent decades. However, existing LZC-based metrics, such as Permutation Lempel-Ziv…

Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability · Physics 2024-12-17 Runze Jiang , Pengjian Shang

We present the zipper tree, an $O(\log \log n)$-competitive online binary search tree that performs each access in $O(\log n)$ worst-case time. This shows that for binary search trees, optimal worst-case access time and near-optimal…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2015-05-18 Prosenjit Bose , Karim Douïeb , Vida Dujmovic , Rolf Fagerberg

We introduce EXIT, an extractive context compression framework that enhances both the effectiveness and efficiency of retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) in question answering (QA). Current RAG systems often struggle when retrieval models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Taeho Hwang , Sukmin Cho , Soyeong Jeong , Hoyun Song , SeungYoon Han , Jong C. Park

Long-context large language models remain computationally expensive to run and often fail to reliably process very long inputs, which makes context compression an important component of many systems. Existing compression approaches…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Yitian Zhou , Chaoning Zhang , Jiaquan Zhang , Zhenzhen Huang , Jinyu Guo , Sung-Ho Bae , Lik-Hang Lee , Caiyan Qin , Yang Yang

We present a compressed representation of tries based on top tree compression [ICALP 2013] that works on a standard, comparison-based, pointer machine model of computation and supports efficient prefix search queries. Namely, we show how to…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2019-09-23 Philip Bille , Inge Li Gørtz , Paweł Gawrychowski , Gad M. Landau , Oren Weimann

Explorable heap selection is the problem of selecting the $n$th smallest value in a binary heap. The key values can only be accessed by traversing through the underlying infinite binary tree, and the complexity of the algorithm is measured…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2024-09-12 Sander Borst , Daniel Dadush , Sophie Huiberts , Danish Kashaev

We introduce probabilistic language tries (PLTs), a unified representation that makes explicit the prefix structure implicitly defined by any generative model over sequences. By assigning to each outgoing edge the conditional probability of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Gregory Magarshak

Can we analyze data without decompressing it? As our data keeps growing, understanding the time complexity of problems on compressed inputs, rather than in convenient uncompressed forms, becomes more and more relevant. Suppose we are given…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2018-03-05 Amir Abboud , Arturs Backurs , Karl Bringmann , Marvin Künnemann

Transformer-based Large Language Models (LLMs) often impose limitations on the length of the text input to ensure the generation of fluent and relevant responses. This constraint restricts their applicability in scenarios involving long…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-18 Weizhi Fei , Xueyan Niu , Pingyi Zhou , Lu Hou , Bo Bai , Lei Deng , Wei Han

We solve an open problem related to an optimal encoding of a straight line program (SLP), a canonical form of grammar compression deriving a single string deterministically. We show that an information-theoretic lower bound for representing…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2013-06-18 Yasuo Tabei , Yoshimasa Takabatake , Hiroshi Sakamoto

We show that the compressed suffix array and the compressed suffix tree of a string $T$ can be built in $O(n)$ deterministic time using $O(n\log\sigma)$ bits of space, where $n$ is the string length and $\sigma$ is the alphabet size.…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2016-11-15 J. Ian Munro , Gonzalo Navarro , Yakov Nekrich

The rise of large language models (LLMs) is revolutionizing information retrieval, question answering, summarization, and code generation tasks. However, in addition to confidently presenting factually inaccurate information at times (known…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-04-26 Henry Gilbert , Michael Sandborn , Douglas C. Schmidt , Jesse Spencer-Smith , Jules White

We describe a data structure that stores a string $S$ in space similar to that of its Lempel-Ziv encoding and efficiently supports access, rank and select queries. These queries are fundamental for implementing succinct and compressed data…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2014-12-03 Djamal Belazzougui , Travis Gagie , Paweł Gawrychowski , Juha Kärkkäinen , Alberto Ordóñez , Simon J. Puglisi , Yasuo Tabei