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The question of the relative size of tree and penguin amplitudes is analyzed using the data on B to pi pi, B^+ to pi^+ K^0, and B^+ to K^+ \bar{K}^0 decays. Our discussion involves an estimate of SU(3) breaking in the final…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2014-11-18 Piotr Zenczykowski

We consider random binary trees that appear as the output of certain standard algorithms for sorting and searching if the input is random. We introduce the subtree size metric on search trees and show that the resulting metric spaces…

Probability · Mathematics 2014-05-06 Rudolf Grübel

Dimensional analysis is fundamental to the formulation and validation of physical laws, ensuring that equations are dimensionally homogeneous and scientifically meaningful. In this work, we use Lean 4 to formalize the mathematics of…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2025-09-17 Maxwell P. Bobbin , Colin Jones , John Velkey , Tyler R. Josephson

We prove a lower bound on the number of spanning two-forests in a graph, in terms of the number of vertices, edges, and spanning trees. This implies an upper bound on the average cut size of a random two-forest. The main tool is an identity…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-08-09 Harry Richman , Farbod Shokrieh , Chenxi Wu

Based on decision trees, many fields have arguably made tremendous progress in recent years. In simple words, decision trees use the strategy of "divide-and-conquer" to divide the complex problem on the dependency between input features and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-01-22 Jinxiong Zhang

We consider exact enumerations and probabilistic properties of ranked trees when generated under the random coalescent process. Using a new approach, based on generating functions, we derive several statistics such as the exact probability…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2012-08-21 Filippo Disanto , Thomas Wiehe

We consider the problem of testing properties of graphs underlying high-dimensional graphical models. We adopt the model of covariance queries introduced by Lugosi, Truszkowski, Velona, and Zwiernik (2021). We study the case when the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-05-18 Sofiya Burova , Francisco Calvillo , Gábor Lugosi , Piotr Zwiernik

We study the penguin over tree ratio in $D\rightarrow \pi\pi$ decays. This ratio can serve as a probe for rescattering effects. Assuming the Standard Model and in the isospin limit, we derive expressions that relate both the magnitude and…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2024-03-01 Margarita Gavrilova , Yuval Grossman , Stefan Schacht

Measuring the complexity of tree structures can be beneficial in areas that use tree data structures for storage, communication, and processing purposes. This complexity can then be used to compress tree data structures to their…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-09-19 Amirmohammad Farzaneh , Mihai-Alin Badiu , Justin P. Coon

This paper introduces dimensional analysis in Non-Destructive Testing & Evaluation (NDT&E) problems. This is the first time that this approach is adopted in the framework of NDT&E, and the paper opens to the development of probes and…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-11-29 Tamburrino Antonello , Sardellitti Alessandro , Milano Filippo , Mottola Vincenzo , Laracca Marco , Ferrigno Luigi

We consider a real-valued path; it is possible to associate a tree to this path, and we explore the relations between the tree, the properties of $p$-variation of the path, and integration with respect to the path. In particular, the…

Probability · Mathematics 2009-01-22 Jean Picard

Allometry and growth rates of 8 forest species in the UK. The data were collected from two United Kingdom woodlands - Wytham Woods and Alice Holt. Here we present data from 582 individual trees of eight taxa in the form of summary…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2015-02-23 Matthew R. Evans , Aristides Moustakas , Gregory Carey , Yadvinder Malhi , Nathalie Butt , Sue Benham , Denise Pallett , Stefanie Schaefer

Inferential summaries of tree estimates are useful in the setting of evolutionary biology, where phylogenetic trees have been built from DNA data since the 1960's. In bioinformatics, psychometrics and data mining, hierarchical clustering…

Applications · Statistics 2010-06-08 John Chakerian , Susan Holmes

Many forest management planning decisions are based on information about the number of trees by species and diameter per unit area. This information is commonly summarized in a stand table, where a stand is defined as a group of forest…

Applications · Statistics 2014-11-04 Andrew O. Finley , Sudipto Banerjee , Aaron R. Weiskittel , Chad Babcock , Bruce D. Cook

We perform a full similarity analysis of an idealized ecosystem using Buckingham's $\Pi$ theorem to obtain dimensionless similarity parameters given that some (non- unique) method exists that can differentiate different functional groups of…

Biological Physics · Physics 2013-05-10 S. C. Chapman , N. W. Watkins , G. Rowlands , A. Clarke , E. J. Murphy

We study graph estimation and density estimation in high dimensions, using a family of density estimators based on forest structured undirected graphical models. For density estimation, we do not assume the true distribution corresponds to…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2010-10-21 Han Liu , Min Xu , Haijie Gu , Anupam Gupta , John Lafferty , Larry Wasserman

We consider the tree-level amplitude, describing all 3 channels of the binary (pi ,K)-reaction, as a meromorphic polynomially bounded function of 3 dependent complex variables. Relying systematically on the Mittag-Leffler theorem, we…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2009-10-28 Vladimir V. Vereshagin

The metric space of phylogenetic trees defined by Billera, Holmes, and Vogtmann, which we refer to as BHV space, provides a natural geometric setting for describing collections of trees on the same set of taxa. However, it is sometimes…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2018-07-12 Gillian Grindstaff , Megan Owen

We compute the magnitude (an isometric invariant of metric spaces) of compact $\mathbb{R}$-trees and show that it equals $1 + L/2$, where $L \in [0, \infty]$ denotes the total length. Although length is the only geometric invariant captured…

Metric Geometry · Mathematics 2026-05-06 Philippe Bouafia

We present sparse tree-based and list-based density estimation methods for binary/categorical data. Our density estimation models are higher dimensional analogies to variable bin width histograms. In each leaf of the tree (or list), the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-11-16 Siong Thye Goh , Lesia Semenova , Cynthia Rudin