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This paper introduces a sentence to vector encoding framework suitable for advanced natural language processing. Our latent representation is shown to encode sentences with common semantic information with similar vector representations.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-09-30 Chi Zhang , Shagan Sah , Thang Nguyen , Dheeraj Peri , Alexander Loui , Carl Salvaggio , Raymond Ptucha

Sentence embeddings are central to modern NLP and AI systems, yet little is known about their internal structure. While we can compare these embeddings using measures such as cosine similarity, the contributing features are not…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-11 Matthieu Tehenan , Vikram Natarajan , Jonathan Michala , Milton Lin , Juri Opitz

In the last few years, neural networks have been intensively used to develop meaningful distributed representations of words and contexts around them. When these representations, also known as "embeddings", are learned from unsupervised…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-08-07 Giuseppe Marra , Andrea Zugarini , Stefano Melacci , Marco Maggini

Recent advancements in language representation learning primarily emphasize language modeling for deriving meaningful representations, often neglecting style-specific considerations. This study addresses this gap by creating generic,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-17 Phil Ostheimer , Marius Kloft , Sophie Fellenz

Autoregressive language models (LMs) generate one token at a time, yet human reasoning operates over higher-level abstractions - sentences, propositions, and concepts. This contrast raises a central question- Can LMs likewise learn to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Hyeonbin Hwang , Byeongguk Jeon , Seungone Kim , Jiyeon Kim , Hoyeon Chang , Sohee Yang , Seungpil Won , Dohaeng Lee , Youbin Ahn , Minjoon Seo

Extractive summarization for long documents is challenging due to the extended structured input context. The long-distance sentence dependency hinders cross-sentence relations modeling, the critical step of extractive summarization. This…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-11 Haopeng Zhang , Xiao Liu , Jiawei Zhang

Sentence representation at the semantic level is a challenging task for Natural Language Processing and Artificial Intelligence. Despite the advances in word embeddings (i.e. word vector representations), capturing sentence meaning is an…

In this work, we study the representation space of contextualized embeddings and gain insight into the hidden topology of large language models. We show there exists a network of latent states that summarize linguistic properties of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-06-06 Yao Fu , Mirella Lapata

Recent advances on text-to-image generation have witnessed the rise of diffusion models which act as powerful generative models. Nevertheless, it is not trivial to exploit such latent variable models to capture the dependency among discrete…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-12-07 Jianjie Luo , Yehao Li , Yingwei Pan , Ting Yao , Jianlin Feng , Hongyang Chao , Tao Mei

Traditional sentence embedding models encode sentences into vector representations to capture useful properties such as the semantic similarity between sentences. However, in addition to similarity, sentence semantics can also be…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-07 James Y. Huang , Wenlin Yao , Kaiqiang Song , Hongming Zhang , Muhao Chen , Dong Yu

Sentence embedding techniques aim to encode key concepts of a sentence's meaning in a vector space. However, the majority of evaluation approaches for sentence embedding quality rely on the use of additional classifiers or downstream tasks.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Paul Keuren , Marc Ponsen , Robert Ayoub Bagheri

This paper presents SimCLR: a simple framework for contrastive learning of visual representations. We simplify recently proposed contrastive self-supervised learning algorithms without requiring specialized architectures or a memory bank.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-02 Ting Chen , Simon Kornblith , Mohammad Norouzi , Geoffrey Hinton

Data augmentation is a crucial component in unsupervised contrastive learning (CL). It determines how positive samples are defined and, ultimately, the quality of the learned representation. In this work, we open the door to new…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-05-31 Benoit Dufumier , Carlo Alberto Barbano , Robin Louiset , Edouard Duchesnay , Pietro Gori

Unsupervised sentence representation learning is one of the fundamental problems in natural language processing with various downstream applications. Recently, contrastive learning has been widely adopted which derives high-quality sentence…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-29 Jiduan Liu , Jiahao Liu , Qifan Wang , Jingang Wang , Wei Wu , Yunsen Xian , Dongyan Zhao , Kai Chen , Rui Yan

While vector-based language representations from pretrained language models have set a new standard for many NLP tasks, there is not yet a complete accounting of their inner workings. In particular, it is not entirely clear what aspects of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-04-16 Matteo Alleman , Jonathan Mamou , Miguel A Del Rio , Hanlin Tang , Yoon Kim , SueYeon Chung

Ensuring the realism of computer-generated synthetic images is crucial to deep neural network (DNN) training. Due to different semantic distributions between synthetic and real-world captured datasets, there exists semantic mismatch between…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-04-27 Ganning Zhao , Tingwei Shen , Suya You , C. -C. Jay Kuo

While contrastive learning is proven to be an effective training strategy in computer vision, Natural Language Processing (NLP) is only recently adopting it as a self-supervised alternative to Masked Language Modeling (MLM) for improving…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-16 Hooman Sedghamiz , Shivam Raval , Enrico Santus , Tuka Alhanai , Mohammad Ghassemi

Representation learning plays a central role in structuring internal embeddings to capture the statistical properties of language, influencing the coherence and contextual consistency of generated text. Statistical Coherence Alignment is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-11 Jonathan Gale , Godfrey Aldington , Harriet Thistlewood , Thomas Tattershall , Basil Wentworth , Vincent Enoasmo

The Semantic Layered Embedding Diffusion (SLED) mechanism redefines the representation of hierarchical semantics within transformer-based architectures, enabling enhanced contextual consistency across a wide array of linguistic tasks. By…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-26 Irin Kabakum , Thomas Montgomery , Daniel Ravenwood , Genevieve Harrington

As a fundamental task in Information Retrieval and Computational Linguistics, sentence representation has profound implications for a wide range of practical applications such as text clustering, content analysis, question-answering…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-02 Bowen Zhang , Zixin Song , Chunping Li