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Systems and blockchains often have security vulnerabilities and can be attacked by adversaries, with potentially significant negative consequences. Therefore, infrastructure providers increasingly rely on bug bounty programs, where external…

Theoretical Economics · Economics 2023-09-06 Hans Gersbach , Akaki Mamageishvili , Fikri Pitsuwan

Despite significant popularity, the bug bounty process has remained broadly unchanged since its inception, with limited implementation of gamification aspects. Existing literature recognises that current methods generate intensive resource…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-09-23 Jamie O'Hare , Lynsay A. Shepherd

Bug bounty programs offer a modern platform for organizations to crowdsource their software security and for security researchers to be fairly rewarded for the vulnerabilities they find. Little is known however on the incentives set by bug…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2017-12-04 Thomas Maillart , Mingyi Zhao , Jens Grossklags , John Chuang

We propose and analyze an algorithmic framework for "bias bounties": events in which external participants are invited to propose improvements to a trained model, akin to bug bounty events in software and security. Our framework allows…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-11 Ira Globus-Harris , Michael Kearns , Aaron Roth

Current bias evaluation methods rarely engage with communities impacted by AI systems. Inspired by bug bounties, bias bounties have been proposed as a reward-based method that involves communities in AI bias detection by asking users of AI…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Sergej Kucenko , Nathaniel Dennler , Fengxiang He

Recently, bug-bounty programs have gained popularity and become a significant part of the security culture of many organizations. Bug-bounty programs enable organizations to enhance their security posture by harnessing the diverse expertise…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-02-27 Soodeh Atefi , Amutheezan Sivagnanam , Afiya Ayman , Jens Grossklags , Aron Laszka

Bug bounty programs have contributed significantly to security in technology firms in the last decade, but little is known about the role of reward incentives in producing useful outcomes. We analyze incentives and outcomes in Google's…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Serena Wang , Martino Banchio , Krzysztof Kotowicz , Katrina Ligett , R. Preston McAfee , Eduardo' Vela'' Nava

Background: While bug bounty programs are not new in software development, an increasing number of companies, as well as open source projects, rely on external parties to perform the security assessment of their software for reward.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2017-09-20 Hideaki Hata , Mingyu Guo , M. Ali Babar

Although researchers have characterized the bug-bounty ecosystem from the point of view of platforms and programs, minimal effort has been made to understand the perspectives of the main workers: bug hunters. To improve bug bounties, it is…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-03-09 Omer Akgul , Taha Eghtesad , Amit Elazari , Omprakash Gnawali , Jens Grossklags , Michelle L. Mazurek , Daniel Votipka , Aron Laszka

A common economic process is crowdsearch, wherein a group of agents is invited to search for a valuable physical or virtual object, e.g. creating and patenting an invention, solving an open scientific problem, or identifying vulnerabilities…

Theoretical Economics · Economics 2023-11-16 Hans Gersbach , Akaki Mamageishvili , Fikri Pitsuwan

To keep up with the growing number of cyber-attacks and associated threats, there is an ever-increasing demand for cybersecurity professionals and new methods and technologies. Training new cybersecurity professionals is a challenging task…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-04-19 Kamil Malinka , Anton Firc , Pavel Loutocký , Jakub Vostoupal , Andrej Krištofík , František Kasl

Artificial Intelligence has gained a lot of traction in the recent years, with machine learning notably starting to see more applications across a varied range of fields. One specific machine learning application that is of interest to us…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-05-10 Teodor Rares Begu

Advanced AI systems sometimes act in ways that differ from human intent. To gather clear, reproducible examples, we ran the Misalignment Bounty: a crowdsourced project that collected cases of agents pursuing unintended or unsafe goals. The…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-06 Rustem Turtayev , Natalia Fedorova , Oleg Serikov , Sergey Koldyba , Lev Avagyan , Dmitrii Volkov

Significant effort has been made to understand user motivation and to elicit user participation in crowdsourcing systems. However, incentive engineering, i.e., designing incentives that can purposefully motivate users, is still an open…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2016-09-07 Nhat V. Q. Truong , Sebastian Stein , Long Tran-Thanh , Nicholas R. Jennings

Bugs, especially those in concurrent systems, are often hard to reproduce because they manifest only under rare conditions. Testers frequently encounter failures that occur only under specific inputs, even when occurring with low…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-09-11 Yeshayahu Weiss , Gal Amram , Achiya Elyasaf , Eitan Farchi , Oded Margalit , Gera Weiss

Fuzz testing has been used to find bugs in programs since the 1990s, but despite decades of dedicated research, there is still no consensus on which fuzzing techniques work best. One reason for this is the paucity of ground truth: bugs in…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-08-24 Joshua Bundt , Andrew Fasano , Brendan Dolan-Gavitt , William Robertson , Tim Leek

Bug bounties have become increasingly popular in recent years. This paper discusses bug bounties by framing these theoretically against so-called platform economy. Empirically the interest is on the disclosure of web vulnerabilities through…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-05-28 Jukka Ruohonen , Luca Allodi

We consider schemes for obtaining truthful reports on a common but hidden signal from large groups of rational, self-interested agents. One example are online feedback mechanisms, where users provide observations about the quality of a…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2014-01-16 Radu Jurca , Boi Faltings

Security is an essential cornerstone of functioning digital marketplaces and communities. If users doubt that data shared online will remain secure, they will withdraw from platforms. Even when firms take these risks seriously, security…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-04-15 Johannes Wachs

As research in automatically detecting bugs grows and produces new techniques, having suitable collections of programs with known bugs becomes crucial to reliably and meaningfully compare the effectiveness of these techniques. Most of the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-10-03 Riccardo Felici , Laura Pozzi , Carlo A. Furia
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