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Two traditions of interpretability have evolved side by side but seldom spoken to each other: Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs), which prescribe what a concept should be, and Sparse Autoencoders (SAEs), which discover what concepts emerge.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Alexandre Rocchi--Henry , Thomas Fel , Gianni Franchi

There is growing interest in concept-based models (CBMs) that combine high-performance and interpretability by acquiring and reasoning with a vocabulary of high-level concepts. A key requirement is that the concepts be interpretable.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-19 Emanuele Marconato , Andrea Passerini , Stefano Teso

We consider the problem of learning structures and parameters of Continuous-time Bayesian Networks (CTBNs) from time-course data under minimal experimental resources. In practice, the cost of generating experimental data poses a bottleneck,…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-01-12 Dominik Linzner , Heinz Koeppl

Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) route predictions exclusively through a clinically grounded concept layer, binding interpretability to concept-label consistency. When a dataset contains concept-level inconsistencies, identical concept…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Gonzalo Nápoles , Isel Grau , Yamisleydi Salgueiro

Deep learning-based medical image classification techniques are rapidly advancing in medical image analysis, making it crucial to develop accurate and trustworthy models that can be efficiently deployed across diverse clinical scenarios.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Hangzhou He , Jiachen Tang , Lei Zhu , Kaiwen Li , Yanye Lu

Deep learning models have achieved strong performance in medical image analysis, but their internal decision processes remain difficult to interpret. Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) partially address this limitation by structuring…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Getamesay Dagnaw , Xuefei Yin , Muhammad Hassan Maqsood , Yanming Zhu , Alan Wee-Chung Liew

Due to the widespread use of complex machine learning models in real-world applications, it is becoming critical to explain model predictions. However, these models are typically black-box deep neural networks, explained post-hoc via…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-20 Filip Radenovic , Abhimanyu Dubey , Dhruv Mahajan

Approximate Bayesian inference for neural networks is considered a robust alternative to standard training, often providing good performance on out-of-distribution data. However, Bayesian neural networks (BNNs) with high-fidelity…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-07 Pavel Izmailov , Patrick Nicholson , Sanae Lotfi , Andrew Gordon Wilson

Cognitive diagnosis models (CDMs) are a family of discrete latent attribute models that serve as statistical basis in educational and psychological cognitive diagnosis assessments. CDMs aim to achieve fine-grained inference on individuals'…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-08-08 Zhuoran Shang , Elena A. Erosheva , Gongjun Xu

We study in this paper lower bounds for the generalization error of models derived from multi-layer neural networks, in the regime where the size of the layers is commensurate with the number of samples in the training data. We show that…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-07-08 Inbar Seroussi , Ofer Zeitouni

Deep learning has advanced NLP, but interpretability remains limited, especially in healthcare and finance. Concept bottleneck models tie predictions to human concepts in vision, but NLP versions either use binary activations that harm text…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Yibo Yang

Recent research on graph neural network (GNN) models successfully applied GNNs to classical graph algorithms and combinatorial optimisation problems. This has numerous benefits, such as allowing applications of algorithms when preconditions…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-16 Dobrik Georgiev , Pietro Barbiero , Dmitry Kazhdan , Petar Veličković , Pietro Liò

A novel method for estimating Bayesian network (BN) parameters from data is presented which provides improved performance on test data. Previous research has shown the value of representing conditional probability distributions (CPDs) via…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2013-01-14 Geoff A. Jarrad

The widespread adoption of deep learning models in computer vision has intensified concerns about interpretability. Despite strong performance, these models are often treated as black boxes, with limited systematic investigation of their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Konstantinos P. Panousis , Diego Marcos

Cognitive diagnosis models (CDMs) are restricted latent class models widely used to measure attributes of interest in diagnostic assessments across education, psychology, biomedical sciences, and related fields. Partial-mastery CDMs…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-04-16 Camilo Cárdenas-Hurtado , Sze Ming Lee , Yunxiao Chen , Irini Moustaki

PAC-Bayesian is an analysis framework where the training error can be expressed as the weighted average of the hypotheses in the posterior distribution whilst incorporating the prior knowledge. In addition to being a pure generalization…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-07 Wei Huang , Chunrui Liu , Yilan Chen , Tianyu Liu , Richard Yi Da Xu

An exhaustive study on neural network language modeling (NNLM) is performed in this paper. Different architectures of basic neural network language models are described and examined. A number of different improvements over basic neural…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-08-25 Dengliang Shi

We are concerned with the challenge of reliably classifying and assessing intracranial aneurysms using deep learning without compromising clinical transparency. While traditional black-box models achieve high predictive accuracy, their lack…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Toqa Khaled , Ahmad Al-Kabbany

Automated ICD-10 coding from clinical discharge summaries requires models that are both accurate on long-tailed multi-label classification tasks and interpretable to clinicians. Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) offer a principled framework…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Mohammed Sameer Syed , Xuan Lu

Bayesian models of cognition hypothesize that human brains make sense of data by representing probability distributions and applying Bayes' rule to find the best explanation for available data. Understanding the neural mechanisms underlying…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2021-07-02 Milad Kharratzadeh , Thomas R. Shultz