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We present the generalization of the CNC formalism, based on closed and noncontextual sets of Pauli observables, to the setting of odd-prime-dimensional qudits. By introducing new CNC-type phase space point operators, we construct a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-07-16 Michael Zurel , Arne Heimendahl

Recent advances in classical simulation of Clifford+T circuits make use of the ZX calculus to iteratively decompose and simplify magic states into stabiliser terms. We improve on this method by studying stabiliser decompositions of ZX…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-23 Mark Koch , Richie Yeung , Quanlong Wang

Various algorithms have been developed to simulate quantum circuits on classical hardware. Among the most prominent are approaches based on \emph{stabilizer decompositions} and \emph{tensor network contraction}. In this work, we present a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-09 Julien Codsi , Tuomas Laakkonen

Consumption of magic states promotes the stabilizer model of computation to universal quantum computation. Here, we propose three different classical algorithms for simulating such universal quantum circuits, and characterize them by…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-03-23 James R. Seddon , Bartosz Regula , Hakop Pashayan , Yingkai Ouyang , Earl T. Campbell

We present novel algorithms to estimate outcomes for qubit quantum circuits. Notably, these methods can simulate a Clifford circuit in linear time without ever writing down stabilizer states explicitly. These algorithms outperform previous…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-07-03 Patrick Rall , Daniel Liang , Jeremy Cook , William Kretschmer

Gottesman-Knill theorem states that computations on stabilizer circuits can be simulated on a classical computer, conventional simulation algorithms extensively use linear algebra over bit strings. For instance, given a non-adaptive…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-10 Vsevolod I. Yashin

A common requirement of quantum simulations and algorithms is the preparation of complex states through sequences of 2-qubit gates. For a generic quantum state, the number of gates grows exponentially with the number of qubits, becoming…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-07-08 Matan Ben Dov , David Shnaiderov , Adi Makmal , Emanuele G. Dalla Torre

Classical and quantum states can be distinguished by entanglement entropy, which can be viewed as a measure of quantum resources. Entanglement entropy also plays a pivotal role in understanding computational complexity in simulating quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-09-26 Jiale Huang , Xiangjian Qian , Mingpu Qin

Classically simulating quantum circuits is crucial when developing or testing quantum algorithms. Due to the underlying exponential complexity, efficient data structures are key for performing such simulations. To this end, tensor networks…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-02-15 Lukas Burgholzer , Alexander Ploier , Robert Wille

We present a comprehensive and self-contained framework for the efficient classical simulation of Clifford circuits acting on $d$-dimensional qudits, including realistic Pauli/Weyl noise via stochastic simulation. Our approach uses the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-26 Nina Brandl , Mykyta Cherniak , Johannes Kofler , Richard Kueng

Using the tensor product representation in the density matrix renormalization group, we show that a quantum circuit of Grover's algorithm, which has one-qubit unitary gates, generalized Toffoli gates, and projective measurements, can be…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 A. Kawaguchi , K. Shimizu , Y. Tokura , N. Imoto

The ubiquity of stabilizer circuits in the design and operation of quantum computers makes techniques to verify their correctness essential. The simulation of stabilizer circuits, which aims to replicate their behavior using a classical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-09-19 Vadym Kliuchnikov , Michael Beverland , Adam Paetznick

Tensor networks have been successfully applied in simulation of quantum physical systems for decades. Recently, they have also been employed in classical simulation of quantum computing, in particular, random quantum circuits. This paper…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-08 Xin Hong , Xiangzhen Zhou , Sanjiang Li , Yuan Feng , Mingsheng Ying

We present a tensor-network-based method for simulating a weakly-measured quantum circuit. In particular, we use a Markov chain to efficiently sample measurements and contract the tensor network, propagating their effect forward along the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-09 Darren Pereira , Leonardo Banchi

Simulating quantum algorithms with classical resources generally requires exponential resources. However, heuristic classical approaches are often very efficient in approximately simulating special circuit structures, for example with…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-08-17 Bjarni Jónsson , Bela Bauer , Giuseppe Carleo

This is a short review on an interdisciplinary field of quantum information science and statistical mechanics. We first give a pedagogical introduction to the stabilizer formalism, which is an efficient way to describe an important class of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-11-12 Keisuke Fujii

Most research in quantum computing today is performed against simulations of quantum computers rather than true quantum computers. Simulating a quantum computer entails implementing all of the unitary operators corresponding to the quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-08-17 Maksim Levental

The exploration of hybrid quantum-classical algorithms and programming models on noisy near-term quantum hardware has begun. As hybrid programs scale towards classical intractability, validation and benchmarking are critical to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-03-06 Alexander McCaskey , Eugene Dumitrescu , Mengsu Chen , Dmitry Lyakh , Travis S. Humble

The present paper is concerned with the concept of the one-way quantum computer, beyond binary-systems, and its relation to the concept of stabilizer quantum codes. This relation is exploited to analyze a particular class of quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Dirk Schlingemann

Verification of NISQ era quantum devices demands fast classical simulation of large noisy quantum circuits. We present an algorithm based on the stabilizer formalism that can efficiently simulate noisy stabilizer circuits. Additionally, the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-04-17 Patrick Rall