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Anonymity services have seen high growth rates with increased usage in the past few years. Among various services, Tor is one of the most popular peer-to-peer anonymizing service. In this survey paper, we summarize, analyze, classify and…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2018-03-08 Saad Saleh , Junaid Qadir , Muhammad U. Ilyas

Anonymous communication systems are subject to selective denial-of-service (DoS) attacks. Selective DoS attacks lower anonymity as they force paths to be rebuilt multiple times to ensure delivery which increases the opportunity for more…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2015-03-19 Anupam Das , Nikita Borisov

Previous attacks that link the sender and receiver of traffic in the Tor network ("correlation attacks") have generally relied on analyzing traffic from TCP connections. The TCP connections of a typical client application, however, are…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2016-10-13 Benjamin Greschbach , Tobias Pulls , Laura M. Roberts , Philipp Winter , Nick Feamster

The use of anonymity-based infrastructures and anonymisers is a plausible solution to mitigate privacy problems on the Internet. Tor (short for The onion router) is a popular low-latency anonymity system that can be installed as an end-user…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2012-08-21 Sergio Castillo-Perez , Joaquin Garcia-Alfaro

Anonymous VoIP calls over the Internet holds great significance for privacy-conscious users, whistle-blowers and political activists alike. Prior research deems popular anonymization systems like Tor unsuitable for providing requisite…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-07-10 Piyush Kumar Sharma , Shashwat Chaudhary , Nikhil Hassija , Mukulika Maity , Sambuddho Chakravarty

Parallel to our physical activities our virtual presence also leaves behind our unique digital fingerprints, while navigating on the Internet. These digital fingerprints have the potential to unveil users' activities encompassing browsing…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-09-09 Blerim Rexha , Arbena Musa , Kamer Vishi , Edlira Martiri

The Tor anonymous network has become quite popular with regular users on the Internet. In the Tor network, an anonymous path is created by selecting three relays through which the connection is redirected. Nevertheless, as the number of Tor…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2017-07-11 Sadegh Momeni Milajerdi , Mehdi Kharrazi

Tor is the most widely used anonymity network, currently serving millions of users each day. However, there is no access control in place for all these users, leaving the network vulnerable to botnet abuse and attacks. For example,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2017-12-19 Zhuotao Liu , Yushan Liu , Philipp Winter , Prateek Mittal , Yih-Chun Hu

The popularity of Tor as an anonymity system has made it a popular target for a variety of attacks. We focus on traffic correlation attacks, which are no longer solely in the realm of academic research with recent revelations about the NSA…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2015-12-29 Rishab Nithyanand , Oleksii Starov , Adva Zair , Phillipa Gill , Michael Schapira

Anonymity systems such as Tor aim to enable users to communicate in a manner that is untraceable by adversaries that control a small number of machines. To provide efficient service to users, these anonymity systems make full use of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2015-03-19 Prateek Mittal , Ahmed Khurshid , Joshua Juen , Matthew Caesar , Nikita Borisov

For journalists reporting from a totalitarian regime, whistleblowers and resistance fighters, the anonymous use of cloud services on the Internet can be vital for survival. The Tor network provides a free and widely used anonymization…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-05-16 Pitpimon Choorod , Tobias J. Bauer , Andreas Aßmuth

Over the last two decades, the scale and complexity of Anonymous networks and its associated technologies grows exponentially as privacy has become a major concern of individuals. Also, some cyber attackers make use of privacy…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-12-18 Tian Yunfan , Zhang Xiang

The Tor Network has been a significant part of the Internet for years. Tor was originally started in the Naval Research Laboratory for anonymous Internet browsing and Internet-based communication. From being used for anonymous…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-09-10 Chaitanya Rahalkar , Anushka Virgaonkar , Kethaki Varadan

Tor is a widely used anonymity network that conceals user identities by routing traffic through encrypted relays, yet it remains vulnerable to traffic correlation attacks that deanonymize users by matching patterns in ingress and egress…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Binghui Wu , Dinil Mon Divakaran , Levente Csikor , Mohan Gurusamy

Tor is the most popular anonymous communication network. It has millions of daily users seeking privacy while browsing the internet. It has thousands of relays to route and anonymize the source and destinations of the users packets. To…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2022-12-01 Hussein Darir , Nikita Borisov , Geir Dullerud

The Tor network provides users with strong anonymity by routing their internet traffic through multiple relays. While Tor encrypts traffic and hides IP addresses, it remains vulnerable to traffic analysis attacks such as the website…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-06 Yuwen Cui , Guangjing Wang , Khanh Vu , Kai Wei , Kehan Shen , Zhengyuan Jiang , Xiao Han , Ning Wang , Zhuo Lu , Yao Liu

Tor is an anonymity network that allows offering and accessing various kinds of resources, known as hidden services, while guaranteeing sender and receiver anonymity. The Tor web is the set of web resources that exist on the Tor network,…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2023-02-16 Massimo Bernaschi , Alessandro Celestini , Marco Cianfriglia , Stefano Guarino , Flavio Lombardi , Enrico Mastrostefano

Anonymity networks like Tor significantly enhance online privacy but are vulnerable to correlation attacks by state-level adversaries. While covert channels encapsulated in media protocols, particularly WebRTC-based encapsulation, have…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-10-20 Afonso Vilalonga , João S. Resende , Henrique Domingos

Online services that desire to operate anonymously routinely host themselves as 'Hidden Services' in the Tor network. However, these services are frequently threatened by deanonymization attacks, whereby their IP address and location may be…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-12-23 Humza Ikram , Rumaisa Habib , Muaz Ali , Zartash Afzal Uzmi

Virtually every connection to an Internet service is preceded by a DNS lookup which is performed without any traffic-level protection, thus enabling manipulation, redirection, surveillance, and censorship. To address these issues, large…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-10-08 Sandra Siby , Marc Juarez , Claudia Diaz , Narseo Vallina-Rodriguez , Carmela Troncoso