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Related papers: Knowledge Conflicts for LLMs: A Survey

200 papers

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) in long chain-of-thought reasoning often fail when different knowledge sources provide conflicting signals. We formalize these failures under a unified notion of knowledge conflict, distinguishing…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Jing Tang , Kun Wang , Haolang Lu , Hongjin Chen , KaiTao Chen , Zhongxiang Sun , Qiankun Li , Lingjuan Lyu , Guoshun Nan , Zhigang Zeng

Large language models (LLMs) encode vast amounts of knowledge during pre-training (parametric knowledge, or PK) and can further be enhanced by incorporating contextual knowledge (CK). Can LLMs effectively integrate their internal PK with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-16 Sitao Cheng , Liangming Pan , Xunjian Yin , Xinyi Wang , William Yang Wang

Large language models (LLMs) exhibit remarkable capabilities in question answering and reasoning thanks to their extensive parametric memory. However, their knowledge is inherently limited by the scope of their pre-training data, while…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Atahan Özer , Çağatay Yıldız

The proliferation of large language models (LLMs) has significantly advanced intelligent systems. Unfortunately, LLMs often face knowledge conflicts between internal memory and retrieved external information, arising from misinformation,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Jiatai Wang , Zhiwei Xu , Di Jin , Xuewen Yang , Tao Li

With the development of large language models (LLMs) like the GPT series, their widespread use across various application scenarios presents a myriad of challenges. This review initially explores the issue of domain specificity, where LLMs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-23 Xiaoliang Chen , Liangbin Li , Le Chang , Yunhe Huang , Yuxuan Zhao , Yuxiao Zhang , Dinuo Li

Integrating external knowledge into large language models (LLMs) presents a promising solution to overcome the limitations imposed by their antiquated and static parametric memory. Prior studies, however, have tended to over-reliance on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-30 Hao Zhang , Yuyang Zhang , Xiaoguang Li , Wenxuan Shi , Haonan Xu , Huanshuo Liu , Yasheng Wang , Lifeng Shang , Qun Liu , Yong Liu , Ruiming Tang

The capabilities of large language models (LLMs) have expanded beyond natural language processing to scientific prediction tasks, including molecular property prediction. However, their effectiveness in in-context learning remains…

Large language models (LLMs) exhibit superior performance on various natural language tasks, but they are susceptible to issues stemming from outdated data and domain-specific limitations. In order to address these challenges, researchers…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-24 Zhangyin Feng , Weitao Ma , Weijiang Yu , Lei Huang , Haotian Wang , Qianglong Chen , Weihua Peng , Xiaocheng Feng , Bing Qin , Ting liu

Retrieval-augmented language models (RALMs) have demonstrated significant potential in refining and expanding their internal memory by retrieving evidence from external sources. However, RALMs will inevitably encounter knowledge conflicts…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-23 Zhuoran Jin , Pengfei Cao , Yubo Chen , Kang Liu , Xiaojian Jiang , Jiexin Xu , Qiuxia Li , Jun Zhao

Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) have achieved remarkable performance across diverse domains, yet their decision-making under conflicting objectives remains insufficiently understood. This work investigates how LRMs respond to harmful queries…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Honghao Liu , Chengjin Xu , Xuhui Jiang , Cehao Yang , Shengming Yin , Zhengwu Ma , Lionel Ni , Jian Guo

In recent years, multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have achieved significant breakthroughs, enhancing understanding across text and vision. However, current MLLMs still face challenges in effectively integrating knowledge across…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-10 Boyu Jia , Junzhe Zhang , Huixuan Zhang , Xiaojun Wan

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable success across a wide range of applications especially when augmented by external knowledge through retrieval-augmented generation (RAG). Despite their widespread adoption, recent…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Tianzhe Zhao , Jiaoyan Chen , Shuxiu Zhang , Haiping Zhu , Qika Lin , Jun Liu

Providing knowledge documents for large language models (LLMs) has emerged as a promising solution to update the static knowledge inherent in their parameters. However, knowledge in the document may conflict with the memory of LLMs due to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-05 Yantao Liu , Zijun Yao , Xin Lv , Yuchen Fan , Shulin Cao , Jifan Yu , Lei Hou , Juanzi Li

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated strong performance in question answering (QA) tasks. However, Multi-Answer Question Answering (MAQA), where a question may have several valid answers, remains challenging. Traditional QA…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Eviatar Nachshoni , Arie Cattan , Shmuel Amar , Ori Shapira , Ido Dagan

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown impressive capabilities in various applications, but they still face various inconsistency issues. Existing works primarily focus on the inconsistency issues within a single LLM, while we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-15 Kai Xiong , Xiao Ding , Yixin Cao , Ting Liu , Bing Qin

Large Language Models have been shown to contain extensive world knowledge in their parameters, enabling impressive performance on many knowledge intensive tasks. However, when deployed in novel settings, LLMs often encounter situations…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Khurram Yamin , Gaurav Ghosal , Bryan Wilder

This paper investigates how large language models (LLMs) behave when faced with discrepancies between their parametric knowledge and conflicting information contained in a prompt. Building on prior question-answering (QA) research, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-23 Jaesung Bae , Cameron Churchwell , Mitchell Hermon , Tsun-An Hsieh , Jocelyn Xu , Yekaterina Yegorova , Mark Hasegawa-Johnson , Heng Ji

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have shown impressive capabilities in document understanding, a rapidly growing research area with significant industrial demand. As a multimodal task, document understanding requires models to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Zirui Shao , Feiyu Gao , Zhaoqing Zhu , Chuwei Luo , Hangdi Xing , Zhi Yu , Qi Zheng , Ming Yan , Jiajun Bu

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable progress in leveraging diverse knowledge sources. This study investigates how nine widely used LLMs allocate knowledge between local context and global parameters when answering…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-22 Yufei Tao , Adam Hiatt , Erik Haake , Antonie J. Jetter , Ameeta Agrawal

Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities for capturing and reasoning over multimodal inputs. However, these models are prone to parametric knowledge conflicts, which arise from inconsistencies of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-14 Tinghui Zhu , Qin Liu , Fei Wang , Zhengzhong Tu , Muhao Chen