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The Mixture of Experts (MoE) architecture has emerged as a key technique for scaling Large Language Models by activating only a subset of experts per query. Deploying MoE on consumer-grade edge hardware, however, is constrained by limited…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Guoying Zhu , Meng Li , Haipeng Dai , Xuechen Liu , Weijun Wang , Keran Li , Jun xiao , Ligeng Chen , Wei Wang

The computational sparsity of Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models enables sub-linear growth in compute cost as model size increases, thus offering a scalable path to training massive neural networks. However, existing implementations suffer…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Osayamen Jonathan Aimuyo , Byungsoo Oh , Rachee Singh

The Mixture of Experts (MoE) architecture has become a fundamental building block in state-of-the-art large language models (LLMs), improving domain-specific expertise in LLMs and scaling model capacity without proportionally increasing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Ankit Jyothish , Ali Jannesari , Aishwarya Sarkar , Joseph Zuber

Sparse Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models offer a powerful way to scale model size without increasing compute, as per-token FLOPs depend only on k active experts rather than the total pool of E experts. Yet, this asymmetry creates an MoE…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Linghao Jin , Chufan Shi , Huijuan Wang , Nuan Wen , Zhengzhong Liu , Eric Xing , Xuezhe Ma

Mixture of Experts (MoE) models have emerged as the de facto architecture for scaling up language models without significantly increasing the computational cost. Recent MoE models demonstrate a clear trend towards high expert granularity…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-30 Wentao Guo , Mayank Mishra , Xinle Cheng , Ion Stoica , Tri Dao

We present MegaBlocks, a system for efficient Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) training on GPUs. Our system is motivated by the limitations of current frameworks, which restrict the dynamic routing in MoE layers to satisfy the constraints of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-30 Trevor Gale , Deepak Narayanan , Cliff Young , Matei Zaharia

The Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architecture has emerged as a promising approach to mitigate the rising computational costs of large language models (LLMs) by selectively activating parameters. However, its high memory requirements and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Jehyeon Bang , Eunyeong Cho , Ranggi Hwang , Jinha Chung , Minsoo Rhu

Mixture-of-Expert (MoE) presents a strong potential in enlarging the size of language model to trillions of parameters. However, training trillion-scale MoE requires algorithm and system co-design for a well-tuned high performance…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-25 Jiaao He , Jiezhong Qiu , Aohan Zeng , Zhilin Yang , Jidong Zhai , Jie Tang

The Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architecture has become increasingly popular as a method to scale up large language models (LLMs). To save costs, heterogeneity-aware training solutions have been proposed to utilize GPU clusters made up of both…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Yongji Wu , Xueshen Liu , Shuowei Jin , Ceyu Xu , Feng Qian , Z. Morley Mao , Matthew Lentz , Danyang Zhuo , Ion Stoica

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models improve the scalability of large language models (LLMs) by activating only a small subset of relevant experts per input. However, the sheer number of expert networks in an MoE model introduces a significant…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Qian Chen , Xianhao Chen , Kaibin Huang

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models can achieve promising results with outrageous large amount of parameters but constant computation cost, and thus it has become a trend in model scaling. Still it is a mystery how MoE layers bring quality…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-08-10 An Yang , Junyang Lin , Rui Men , Chang Zhou , Le Jiang , Xianyan Jia , Ang Wang , Jie Zhang , Jiamang Wang , Yong Li , Di Zhang , Wei Lin , Lin Qu , Jingren Zhou , Hongxia Yang

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) model architectures can significantly reduce the number of activated parameters per token, enabling computationally efficient training and inference. However, their large overall parameter counts and model sizes…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Arian Raje , Anupam Nayak , Gauri Joshi

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models have gained popularity as a means of scaling the capacity of large language models (LLMs) while maintaining sparse activations and reduced per-token compute. However, in memory-constrained inference settings,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Vivan Madan , Prajwal Singhania , Abhinav Bhatele , Tom Goldstein , Ashwinee Panda

Mixture of experts (MoE) is a popular technique to improve capacity of Large Language Models (LLMs) with conditionally-activated parallel experts. However, serving MoE models on memory-constrained devices is challenging due to the large…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-05-30 Rui Kong , Yuanchun Li , Qingtian Feng , Weijun Wang , Xiaozhou Ye , Ye Ouyang , Linghe Kong , Yunxin Liu

Sparse Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) allows scaling of language and vision models efficiently by activating only a small subset of experts per input. While this reduces computation, the large number of parameters still incurs substantial memory…

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) has emerged as a promising approach to scale up deep learning models due to its significant reduction in computational resources. However, the dynamic nature of MoE leads to load imbalance among experts, severely…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Chenqi Zhao , Wenfei Wu , Linhai Song , Yuchen Xu , Yitao Yuan

Sparse Mixture of Experts (SMoE) enables efficient training of large language models by routing input tokens to a select number of experts. However, training SMoE remains challenging due to the issue of representation collapse. Recent…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Giang Do , Hung Le , Truyen Tran

Expert parallelism has emerged as a key strategy for distributing the computational workload of sparsely-gated mixture-of-experts (MoE) models across multiple devices, enabling the processing of increasingly large-scale models. However, the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Weilin Cai , Juyong Jiang , Le Qin , Junwei Cui , Sunghun Kim , Jiayi Huang

We focus on multi-domain Neural Machine Translation, with the goal of developing efficient models which can handle data from various domains seen during training and are robust to domains unseen during training. We hypothesize that Sparse…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Nadezhda Chirkova , Vassilina Nikoulina , Jean-Luc Meunier , Alexandre Bérard

The advancement of deep learning has led to the emergence of Mixture-of-Experts (MoEs) models, known for their dynamic allocation of computational resources based on input. Despite their promise, MoEs face challenges, particularly in terms…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-09 Alexandre Muzio , Alex Sun , Churan He
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