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QuickSelect (aka Find), introduced by Hoare (1961), is a randomized algorithm for selecting a specified order statistic from an input sequence of $n$ objects, or rather their identifying labels usually known as keys. The keys can be numeric…

Probability · Mathematics 2026-01-14 James Allen Fill , Jason Matterer

We consider versions of the FIND algorithm where the pivot element used is the median of a subset chosen uniformly at random from the data. For the median selection we assume that subsamples of size asymptotic to $c \cdot n^\alpha$ are…

Probability · Mathematics 2013-11-20 Henning Sulzbach , Ralph Neininger , Michael Drmota

When algorithms for sorting and searching are applied to keys that are represented as bit strings, we can quantify the performance of the algorithms not only in terms of the number of key comparisons required by the algorithms but also in…

Probability · Mathematics 2009-04-16 James Allen Fill , Take Nakama

When the search algorithm QuickSelect compares keys during its execution in order to find a key of target rank, it must operate on the keys' representations or internal structures, which were ignored by the previous studies that quantified…

Probability · Mathematics 2012-09-24 James Allen Fill , Takehiko Nakama

There is excitement within the algorithms community about a new partitioning method introduced by Yaroslavskiy. This algorithm renders Quicksort slightly faster than the case when it runs under classic partitioning methods. We show that…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2014-11-18 Sebastian Wild , Markus E. Nebel , Hosam Mahmoud

Most previous studies of the sorting algorithm QuickSort have used the number of key comparisons as a measure of the cost of executing the algorithm. Here we suppose that the n independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) keys are each…

Probability · Mathematics 2013-03-14 James Allen Fill

The analyses of many algorithms and data structures (such as digital search trees) for searching and sorting are based on the representation of the keys involved as bit strings and so count the number of bit comparisons. On the other hand,…

Probability · Mathematics 2012-02-14 James Allen Fill , Svante Janson

Estimating the selectivity of a query is a key step in almost any cost-based query optimizer. Most of today's databases rely on histograms or samples that are periodically refreshed by re-scanning the data as the underlying data changes.…

Databases · Computer Science 2020-04-14 Yongjoo Park , Shucheng Zhong , Barzan Mozafari

In this note the precise minimum number of key comparisons any dual-pivot quickselect algorithm (without sampling) needs on average is determined. The result is in the form of exact as well as asymptotic formul\ae{} of this number of a…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2016-10-18 Daniel Krenn

Sorting algorithms have attracted a great deal of attention and study, as they have numerous applications to Mathematics, Computer Science and related fields. In this thesis, we first deal with the mathematical analysis of the Quicksort…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2015-10-05 Vasileios Iliopoulos

QuickXsort is a highly efficient in-place sequential sorting scheme that mixes Hoare's Quicksort algorithm with X, where X can be chosen from a wider range of other known sorting algorithms, like Heapsort, Insertionsort and Mergesort. Its…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2018-11-06 Stefan Edelkamp , Armin Weiß , Sebastian Wild

We provide a smoothed analysis of Hoare's find algorithm and we revisit the smoothed analysis of quicksort. Hoare's find algorithm - often called quickselect - is an easy-to-implement algorithm for finding the k-th smallest element of a…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2009-04-27 Mahmoud Fouz , Manfred Kufleitner , Bodo Manthey , Nima Zeini Jahromi

Smoothed analysis is a framework for analyzing the complexity of an algorithm, acting as a bridge between average and worst-case behaviour. For example, Quicksort and the Simplex algorithm are widely used in practical applications, despite…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2015-03-29 Bichen Shi , Michel Schellekens , Georgiana Ifrim

We present numerical results for the probability of bad cases for Quicksort, i.e. cases of input data for which the sorting cost considerably exceeds that of the average. Dynamic programming was used to compute solutions of the recurrence…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2015-07-16 Guido Hartmann

We show that several versions of Floyd and Rivest's algorithm Select [Comm.\ ACM {\bf 18} (1975) 173] for finding the $k$th smallest of $n$ elements require at most $n+\min\{k,n-k\}+o(n)$ comparisons on average, even when equal elements…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Krzysztof C. Kiwiel

Gaussian processes are powerful, yet analytically tractable models for supervised learning. A Gaussian process is characterized by a mean function and a covariance function (kernel), which are determined by a model selection criterion. The…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2016-10-05 Benjamin Fischer , Nico Gorbach , Stefan Bauer , Yatao Bian , Joachim M. Buhmann

The FIND algorithm is a fast algorithm designed to calculate certain entries of the inverse of a sparse matrix. Such calculation is critical in many applications, e.g., quantum transport in nano-devices. We extended the algorithm to other…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2015-05-27 Song Li , Eric Darve

The weak limit of the normalized number of comparisons needed by the Quicksort algorithm to sort n randomly permuted items is known to be determined implicitly by a distributional fixed-point equation. We give an algorithm for perfect…

Probability · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Luc Devroye , James Allen Fill , Ralph Neininger

Quick Shift is a popular mode-seeking and clustering algorithm. We present finite sample statistical consistency guarantees for Quick Shift on mode and cluster recovery under mild distributional assumptions. We then apply our results to…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-12-27 Heinrich Jiang

We consider a multi-pivot QuickSort algorithm using $K\in\mathbb{N}$ pivot elements to partition a nonsorted list into $K+1$ sublists in order to proceed recursively on these sublists. For the partitioning stage, various strategies are in…

Probability · Mathematics 2026-05-01 Cecilia Holmgren , Jasper Ischebeck , Daniel Krenn , Florian Lesny , Ralph Neininger
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