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Knowledge Tracing (KT) aims to mine students' evolving knowledge states and predict their future question-answering performance. Existing methods based on heterogeneous information networks (HINs) are prone to introducing noises due to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-20 Zhiyi Duan , Zixing Shi , Hongyu Yuan , Qi Wang

Recently, deep learning-based models have been widely studied for click-through rate (CTR) prediction and lead to improved prediction accuracy in many industrial applications. However, current research focuses primarily on building complex…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-06 Jieming Zhu , Jinyang Liu , Weiqi Li , Jincai Lai , Xiuqiang He , Liang Chen , Zibin Zheng

Expert systems often operate in domains characterized by class-imbalanced tabular data, where detecting rare but critical instances is essential for safety and reliability. While conventional approaches, such as cost-sensitive learning,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Md Abrar Jahin , Adiba Abid , M. F. Mridha

Multi-Teacher knowledge distillation provides students with additional supervision from multiple pre-trained teachers with diverse information sources. Most existing methods explore different weighting strategies to obtain a powerful…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-06-13 Hailin Zhang , Defang Chen , Can Wang

With the improvement of AI chips (e.g., GPU, TPU, and NPU) and the fast development of the Internet of Things (IoT), some robust deep neural networks (DNNs) are usually composed of millions or even hundreds of millions of parameters. Such a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-10-21 Jun-Teng Yang , Sheng-Che Kao , Scott C. -H. Huang

Educational Question Generation (EQG) aims to synthesize customized exercise questions that enhance student learning. An effective EQG system should ideally personalize questions for each student by modeling the student's knowledge state…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Xinyi Gao , Qiucheng Wu , Lu Ding , Q. Vera Liao , Kaizhi Qian , Ying Xu , Shiyu Chang , Yang Zhang

Personalized recommendation is a key feature of intelligent tutoring systems, typically relying on accurate models of student knowledge. Knowledge Tracing (KT) models enable this by estimating a student's mastery based on their historical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-25 Yahya Badran , Christine Preisach

Bayesian Knowledge Tracing (BKT) is a widely used and interpretable student modeling approach in intelligent tutoring systems and educational data mining. However, most implementations rely on expectation-maximization or related…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Siddhartha Pradhan , Yanping Pei , Morgan Lee , Puyuan Zhang , Erin Ottmar , Adam C. Sales

Analyzing and evaluating students' progress in any learning environment is stressful and time consuming if done using traditional analysis methods. This is further exasperated by the increasing number of students due to the shift of focus…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-02-06 Abdallah Moubayed , MohammadNoor Injadat , Nouh Alhindawi , Ghassan Samara , Sara Abuasal , Raed Alazaidah

Knowledge Tracing (KT) is a critical component in online learning, but traditional approaches face limitations in interpretability and cross-domain adaptability. This paper introduces Language Model-based Code Knowledge Tracing (CodeLKT),…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-04 Unggi Lee , Jiyeong Bae , Yeonji Jung , Minji Kang , Gyuri Byun , Yeonseo Lee , Dohee Kim , Sookbun Lee , Jaekwon Park , Taekyung Ahn , Gunho Lee , Hyeoncheol Kim

Model interpretability is a requirement in many applications in which crucial decisions are made by users relying on a model's outputs. The recent movement for "algorithmic fairness" also stipulates explainability, and therefore…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-08-21 Xuan Liu , Xiaoguang Wang , Stan Matwin

For offering proactive services to students in intelligent education, one of the fundamental tasks is predicting their performance (e.g., scores) on future exercises, where it is necessary to track each student's knowledge acquisition…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2019-06-14 Qi Liu , Zhenya Huang , Yu Yin , Enhong Chen , Hui Xiong , Yu Su , Guoping Hu

Knowledge Tracing (KT) has been an established problem in the educational data mining field for decades, and it is commonly assumed that the underlying learning process being modeled remains static. Given the ever-changing landscape of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Morgan Lee , Artem Frenk , Eamon Worden , Karish Gupta , Thinh Pham , Ethan Croteau , Neil Heffernan

Teaching plays a fundamental role in human learning. Typically, a human teaching strategy would involve assessing a student's knowledge progress for tailoring the teaching materials in a way that enhances the learning progress. A human…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-16 Ghodai Abdelrahman , Qing Wang

Knowledge Distillation (KD) has been considered as a key solution in model compression and acceleration in recent years. In KD, a small student model is generally trained from a large teacher model by minimizing the divergence between the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-16 Raed Alharbi , Minh N. Vu , My T. Thai

Knowledge Tracing (KT) predicts future performance by modeling students' historical interactions, and understanding students' affective states can enhance the effectiveness of KT, thereby improving the quality of education. Although…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Xinjie Sun , Kai Zhang , Qi Liu , Shuanghong Shen , Fei Wang , Yuxiang Guo , Enhong Chen

In recent years, deep learning has spread rapidly, and deeper, larger models have been proposed. However, the calculation cost becomes enormous as the size of the models becomes larger. Various techniques for compressing the size of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-04-20 Hideki Oki , Motoshi Abe , Junichi Miyao , Takio Kurita

Recently, different machine learning methods have been introduced to tackle the challenging few-shot learning scenario that is, learning from a small labeled dataset related to a specific task. Common approaches have taken the form of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-14 Massimiliano Patacchiola , Jack Turner , Elliot J. Crowley , Michael O'Boyle , Amos Storkey

Long-term trajectory forecasting is an important and challenging problem in the fields of computer vision, machine learning, and robotics. One fundamental difficulty stands in the evolution of the trajectory that becomes more and more…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-09-04 Sourav Das , Guglielmo Camporese , Shaokang Cheng , Lamberto Ballan

In an educational setting, an estimate of the difficulty of multiple-choice questions (MCQs), a commonly used strategy to assess learning progress, constitutes very useful information for both teachers and students. Since human assessment…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-21 Leonidas Zotos , Hedderik van Rijn , Malvina Nissim