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Knowledge tracing is one of the key research areas for empowering personalized education. It is a task to model students' mastery level of a knowledge component (KC) based on their historical learning trajectories. In recent years, a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-06-07 Chun-Kit Yeung , Dit-Yan Yeung

Knowledge tracing (KT) models are a popular approach for predicting students' future performance at practice problems using their prior attempts. Though many innovations have been made in KT, most models including the state-of-the-art Deep…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-06-09 Yang Shi , Min Chi , Tiffany Barnes , Thomas Price

Student assessment is one of the most fundamental tasks in the field of AI Education (AIEd). One of the most common approach to student assessment is Knowledge Tracing (KT), which evaluates a student's knowledge state by predicting whether…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2022-05-02 Suyeong An , Junghoon Kim , Minsam Kim , Juneyoung Park

As the rapid development of Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS) in the past decade, tracing the students' knowledge state has become more and more important in order to provide individualized learning guidance. This is the main idea of…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-05-18 Zhongfeng Jia , Wei Su , Jiamin Liu , Wenli Yue

Knowledge tracing (KT) is the problem of predicting students' future performance based on their historical interaction sequences. With the advanced capability of capturing contextual long-term dependency, attention mechanism becomes one of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-25 Shuyan Huang , Zitao Liu , Xiangyu Zhao , Weiqi Luo , Jian Weng

In the realm of Intelligent Tutoring System (ITS), the accurate assessment of students' knowledge states through Knowledge Tracing (KT) is crucial for personalized learning. However, due to data bias, $\textit{i.e.}$, the unbalanced…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-05 Yiyun Zhou , Zheqi Lv , Shengyu Zhang , Jingyuan Chen

Knowledge tracing---where a machine models the knowledge of a student as they interact with coursework---is a well established problem in computer supported education. Though effectively modeling student knowledge would have high…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2015-06-22 Chris Piech , Jonathan Spencer , Jonathan Huang , Surya Ganguli , Mehran Sahami , Leonidas Guibas , Jascha Sohl-Dickstein

Knowledge Transfer (KT) techniques tackle the problem of transferring the knowledge from a large and complex neural network into a smaller and faster one. However, existing KT methods are tailored towards classification tasks and they…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-03-21 Nikolaos Passalis , Anastasios Tefas

KnowledgeTracing (KT) involves predicting students' knowledge states based on their interactions with Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS). A key challenge is the cold start problem, accurately predicting knowledge for new students with…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Indronil Bhattacharjee , Christabel Wayllace

Modern online education has the capacity to provide intelligent educational services by automatically analyzing substantial amounts of student behavioral data. Knowledge Tracing (KT) is one of the fundamental tasks for student behavioral…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-07-16 Shuanghong Shen , Qi Liu , Zhenya Huang , Yonghe Zheng , Minghao Yin , Minjuan Wang , Enhong Chen

Knowledge tracing (KT) is the problem of predicting students' future performance based on their historical interactions with intelligent tutoring systems. Recently, many works present lots of special methods for applying deep neural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-24 Zitao Liu , Qiongqiong Liu , Jiahao Chen , Shuyan Huang , Weiqi Luo

Recently, we have seen a rapid rise in usage of online educational platforms. The personalized education became crucially important in future learning environments. Knowledge tracing (KT) refers to the detection of students' knowledge…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-06-09 Sein Minn

Knowledge tracing (KT) supports personalized learning by modeling how students' knowledge states evolve over time. However, most KT models emphasize mastery of discrete knowledge components, limiting their ability to characterize broader…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Zhifeng Wang , Yaowei Dong , Chunyan Zeng

Knowledge Tracing (KT) models students' knowledge states based on learning interactions to predict performance. While deep learning-based KT models have boosted predictive accuracy, most models rely on deterministic vector embeddings and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Siyu Wu , Cong Xu , Wei Zhang

Knowledge tracing is the task of modeling each student's mastery of knowledge concepts (KCs) as (s)he engages with a sequence of learning activities. Each student's knowledge is modeled by estimating the performance of the student on the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-07-17 Shalini Pandey , George Karypis

Predicting future student responses to questions is particularly valuable for educational learning platforms where it enables effective interventions. One of the key approaches to do this has been through the use of knowledge tracing (KT)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Prarthana Bhattacharyya , Joshua Mitton , Ralph Abboud , Simon Woodhead

Knowledge Tracing (KT) involves monitoring the changes in a student's knowledge over time by analyzing their past responses, with the goal of predicting future performance. However, most existing methods primarily focus on feature…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Lixiang Xu , Xianwei Ding , Xin Yuan , Richang Hong , Feiping Nie , Enhong Chen , Philip S. Yu

The training of artificial neural networks is heavily dependent on the careful selection of an appropriate loss function. While commonly used loss functions, such as cross-entropy and mean squared error (MSE), generally suffice for a broad…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Altun Shukurlu

Knowledge tracing (KT) aims to estimate student's knowledge mastery based on their historical interactions. Recently, the deep learning based KT (DLKT) approaches have achieved impressive performance in the KT task. These DLKT models…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-10-28 Hengyuan Zhang , Zitao Liu , Shuyan Huang , Chenming Shang , Bojun Zhan , Yong Jiang

Knowledge tracing (KT) serves as a primary part of intelligent education systems. Most current KTs either rely on expert judgments or only exploit a single network structure, which affects the full expression of learning features. To…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-24 Liting Lyu , Zhifeng Wang , Haihong Yun , Zexue Yang , Ya Li