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Explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) aims to help human decision-makers in understanding complex machine learning (ML) models. One of the hallmarks of XAI are measures of relative feature importance, which are theoretically justified…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-02-12 Joao Marques-Silva , Xuanxiang Huang

The increasing complexity of AI systems has made understanding their behavior critical. Numerous interpretability methods have been developed to attribute model behavior to three key aspects: input features, training data, and internal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Shichang Zhang , Tessa Han , Usha Bhalla , Himabindu Lakkaraju

Explainable AI has attracted much research attention in recent years with feature attribution algorithms, which compute "feature importance" in predictions, becoming increasingly popular. However, there is little analysis of the validity of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-05-21 Orcun Yalcin , Xiuyi Fan , Siyuan Liu

Explainable AI (XAI) methods focus on explaining what a neural network has learned - in other words, identifying the features that are the most influential to the prediction. In this paper, we call them "distinguishing features". However,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-04-19 Kaili Wang , Jose Oramas , Tinne Tuytelaars

Explainable AI (XAI) aims to provide insight into opaque model reasoning to humans and as such is an interdisciplinary field by nature. In this paper, we interviewed 10 practitioners to understand the possible usability of training data…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-11-23 Elisa Nguyen , Evgenii Kortukov , Jean Y. Song , Seong Joon Oh

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) plays a crucial role in fostering transparency and trust in AI systems, where traditional XAI approaches typically offer one level of abstraction for explanations, often in the form of heatmaps…

Attribution methods compute importance scores for input features to explain model predictions. However, assessing the faithfulness of these methods remains challenging due to the absence of attribution ground truth to model predictions. In…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Peiyu Yang , Naveed Akhtar , Jiantong Jiang , Ajmal Mian

A high-velocity paradigm shift towards Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) has emerged in recent years. Highly complex Machine Learning (ML) models have flourished in many tasks of intelligence, and the questions have started to shift…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-31 Jacob Dineen , Don Kridel , Daniel Dolk , David Castillo

Explainable AI (XAI) aims to provide interpretations for predictions made by learning machines, such as deep neural networks, in order to make the machines more transparent for the user and furthermore trustworthy also for applications in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-17 Kirill Bykov , Marina M. -C. Höhne , Klaus-Robert Müller , Shinichi Nakajima , Marius Kloft

We address the task of probabilistic anomaly attribution in the black-box regression setting, where the goal is to compute the probability distribution of the attribution score of each input variable, given an observed anomaly. The training…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-10 Tsuyoshi Idé , Naoki Abe

Feature attribution is widely used in interpretable machine learning to explain how influential each measured input feature value is for an output inference. However, measurements can be uncertain, and it is unclear how the awareness of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-01-26 Danding Wang , Wencan Zhang , Brian Y. Lim

Gaussian Process Regression (GPR) is a Bayesian method for inferring profiles based on input data. The technique is increasing in popularity in the fusion community due to its many advantages over traditional fitting techniques including…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-09-07 Jarrod Leddy , Sandeep Madireddy , Eric Howell , Scott Kruger

Explainable AI (XAI) is the study on how humans can be able to understand the cause of a model's prediction. In this work, the problem of interest is Scene Text Recognition (STR) Explainability, using XAI to understand the cause of an STR…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-10-18 Mark Vincent Ty , Rowel Atienza

eXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) aims at providing understandable explanations of black box models. In this paper, we evaluate current XAI methods by scoring them based on ground truth simulations and sensitivity analysis. To this…

Explainability of AI models is an important topic that can have a significant impact in all domains and applications from autonomous driving to healthcare. The existing approaches to explainable AI (XAI) are mainly limited to simple machine…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-24 Poushali Sengupta , Yan Zhang , Sabita Maharjan , Frank Eliassen

The lack of explainability of a decision from an Artificial Intelligence (AI) based "black box" system/model, despite its superiority in many real-world applications, is a key stumbling block for adopting AI in many high stakes applications…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-01-26 Sheikh Rabiul Islam , William Eberle , Sheikh Khaled Ghafoor , Mohiuddin Ahmed

Explainable AI aims to render model behavior understandable by humans, which can be seen as an intermediate step in extracting causal relations from correlative patterns. Due to the high risk of possible fatal decisions in image-based…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-06-16 Lukas Klein , João B. S. Carvalho , Mennatallah El-Assady , Paolo Penna , Joachim M. Buhmann , Paul F. Jaeger

Artificial intelligence now outperforms humans in several scientific and engineering tasks, yet its internal representations often remain opaque. In this Perspective, we argue that explainable artificial intelligence (XAI), combined with…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Ricardo Vinuesa , Steven L. Brunton , Gianmarco Mengaldo

In the last years, Artificial Intelligence (AI) has achieved a notable momentum that may deliver the best of expectations over many application sectors across the field. For this to occur, the entire community stands in front of the barrier…

A main drawback of eXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) approaches is the feature independence assumption, hindering the study of potential variable dependencies. This leads to approximating black box behaviors by analyzing the effects…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-16 Martina Cinquini , Riccardo Guidotti