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Principal component analysis (PCA) is a dimensionality reduction method in data analysis that involves diagonalizing the covariance matrix of the dataset. Recently, quantum algorithms have been formulated for PCA based on diagonalizing a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-10-26 Max Hunter Gordon , M. Cerezo , Lukasz Cincio , Patrick J. Coles

Data reconciliation (DR) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) are two popular data analysis techniques in process industries. Data reconciliation is used to obtain accurate and consistent estimates of variables and parameters from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2015-05-05 Shankar Narasimhan , Nirav Bhatt

Principal component analysis (PCA) is a widely used unsupervised dimensionality reduction technique in machine learning, applied across various fields such as bioinformatics, computer vision and finance. However, when the response variables…

Applications · Statistics 2025-06-25 Theodosios Papazoglou , Guosheng Yin

These notes are an overview of some classical linear methods in Multivariate Data Analysis. This is a good old domain, well established since the 60's, and refreshed timely as a key step in statistical learning. It can be presented as part…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2023-05-25 Alain Franc

We present a new technique called contrastive principal component analysis (cPCA) that is designed to discover low-dimensional structure that is unique to a dataset, or enriched in one dataset relative to other data. The technique is a…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-11-23 Abubakar Abid , Martin J. Zhang , Vivek K. Bagaria , James Zou

Discovering dominant patterns and exploring dynamic behaviors especially critical state transitions and tipping points in high-dimensional time-series data are challenging tasks in study of real-world complex systems, which demand…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-01-23 Pei Chen , Yaofang Suo , Rui Liu , Luonan Chen

Principal component analysis (PCA) is a widely used dimension reduction tool in the analysis of many kind of high-dimensional data. It is used in signal processing, mechanical engineering, psychometrics, and other fields under different…

Methodology · Statistics 2014-01-15 Ngoc Mai Tran , Maria Osipenko , Wolfgang Karl Haerdle

In the era of big data, reducing data dimensionality is critical in many areas of science. Widely used Principal Component Analysis (PCA) addresses this problem by computing a low dimensional data embedding that maximally explain variance…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-02-24 Soheil Feizi , David Tse

Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and K-means constitute fundamental techniques in multivariate analysis. Although they are frequently applied independently or sequentially to cluster observations, the relationship between them, especially…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-12-02 Victor Saquicela , Kenneth Palacio-Baus , Mario Chifla

We consider multi-class classification problems for high dimensional data. Following the idea of reduced-rank linear discriminant analysis (LDA), we introduce a new dimension reduction tool with a flavor of supervised principal component…

Methodology · Statistics 2017-03-28 Yue Selena Niu , Ning Hao , Bin Dong

Principal Components Analysis (PCA) is a common way to study the sources of variation in a high-dimensional data set. Typically, the leading principal components are used to understand the variation in the data or to reduce the dimension of…

In this brief note, we formulate Principal Component Analysis (PCA) over datasets consisting not of points but of distributions, characterized by their location and covariance. Just like the usual PCA on points can be equivalently derived…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-06-26 Vlad Niculae

Multivariate signal processing is often based on dimensionality reduction techniques. We propose a new method, Dynamical Component Analysis (DyCA), leading to a classification of the underlying dynamics and - for a certain type of dynamics…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-03-19 Bastian Seifert , Katharina Korn , Steffen Hartmann , Christian Uhl

High-dimensional image data often require dimensionality reduction before further analysis. This paper provides a purely analytical comparison of two linear techniques-Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Singular Value Decomposition…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-27 Michael Gyimadu , Gregory Bell , Ph. D

Principal component analysis (PCA) is a widely employed statistical tool used primarily for dimensionality reduction. However, it is known to be adversely affected by the presence of outlying observations in the sample, which is quite…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-09-26 Subhrajyoty Roy , Ayanendranath Basu , Abhik Ghosh

Principal component analysis (PCA) is perhaps the most widely used method for data dimensionality reduction. A key question in PCA is deciding how many factors to retain. This manuscript describes a new approach to automatically selecting…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-02-10 Enes Makalic , Daniel F. Schmidt

Dimensionality reduction is a fundamental technique in machine learning and data analysis, enabling efficient representation and visualization of high-dimensional data. This paper explores five key methods: Principal Component Analysis…

Other Statistics · Statistics 2025-02-19 Yuan-chin Ivan Chang

Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is a fundamental tool for data visualization, denoising, and dimensionality reduction. It is widely popular in Statistics, Machine Learning, Computer Vision, and related fields. However, PCA is well-known…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-07-21 Debolina Paul , Saptarshi Chakraborty , Swagatam Das

Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is a dimension reduction technique. It produces inconsistent estimators when the dimensionality is moderate to high, which is often the problem in modern large-scale applications where algorithm…

Computation · Statistics 2016-01-29 Qiaoya Zhang , Yiyuan She

Describing the dimension reduction (DR) techniques by means of probabilistic models has recently been given special attention. Probabilistic models, in addition to a better interpretability of the DR methods, provide a framework for further…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-05-12 Mehran Safayani , Saeid Momenzadeh