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Confidence calibration, the alignment of a model's predicted confidence with its actual accuracy, is crucial for the reliable deployment of Large Language Models (LLMs). However, this critical property remains largely under-explored in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Ej Zhou , Caiqi Zhang , Tiancheng Hu , Chengzu Li , Nigel Collier , Ivan Vulić , Anna Korhonen

A model is considered well-calibrated when its probability estimate aligns with the actual likelihood of the output being correct. Calibrating language models (LMs) is crucial, as it plays a vital role in detecting and mitigating…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-14 Xin Liu , Muhammad Khalifa , Lu Wang

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in agentic and multi-turn workflows where they are tasked to perform actions of significant consequence. In order to deploy them reliably and manage risky outcomes in these settings, it…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Arka Pal , Teo Kitanovski , Arthur Liang , Akilesh Potti , Micah Goldblum

Reasoning language models can solve increasingly complex tasks, but struggle to produce the calibrated confidence estimates necessary for reliable deployment. Existing calibration methods usually depend on labels or repeated sampling at…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Thomas Zollo , Jimmy Wang , Richard Zemel

Large language models (LLMs) are a promising venue for natural language understanding and generation tasks. However, current LLMs are far from reliable: they are prone to generate non-factual information and, more crucially, to contradict…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-22 Diego Calanzone , Stefano Teso , Antonio Vergari

Autonomous agents based on large language models (LLMs) are rapidly evolving to handle multi-turn tasks, but ensuring their trustworthiness remains a critical challenge. A fundamental pillar of this trustworthiness is calibration, which…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Weihao Xuan , Qingcheng Zeng , Heli Qi , Yunze Xiao , Junjue Wang , Naoto Yokoya

Legal judgment prediction is essential for enhancing judicial efficiency. In this work, we identify that existing large language models (LLMs) underperform in this domain due to challenges in understanding case complexities and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-07 Chenlong Deng , Kelong Mao , Yuyao Zhang , Zhicheng Dou

Large Language Models (LLMs) are being applied in a wide array of settings, well beyond the typical language-oriented use cases. In particular, LLMs are increasingly used as a plug-and-play method for fitting data and generating…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Hejia Liu , Mochen Yang , Gediminas Adomavicius

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated powerful capabilities that render them valuable in different applications, including conversational AI products. It is paramount to ensure the security and reliability of these products by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-23 Melissa Kazemi Rad , Huy Nghiem , Andy Luo , Sahil Wadhwa , Mohammad Sorower , Stephen Rawls

Language model outputs are not always reliable, thus prompting research into how to adapt model responses based on uncertainty. Common approaches include: \emph{abstention}, where models refrain from generating responses when uncertain; and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-13 Zhengping Jiang , Anqi Liu , Benjamin Van Durme

Recent years have witnessed remarkable progress made in large language models (LLMs). Such advancements, while garnering significant attention, have concurrently elicited various concerns. The potential of these models is undeniably vast;…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-27 Tianhao Shen , Renren Jin , Yufei Huang , Chuang Liu , Weilong Dong , Zishan Guo , Xinwei Wu , Yan Liu , Deyi Xiong

Achieving consensus in group decision-making often involves overcoming significant challenges, particularly in reconciling diverse perspectives and mitigating biases that hinder agreement. Traditional methods relying on human facilitators…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-03-21 Loukas Triantafyllopoulos , Dimitris Kalles

Large language models(LLMs) containing tens of billions of parameters (or even more) have demonstrated impressive capabilities in various NLP tasks. However, substantial model size poses challenges to training, inference, and deployment so…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-10-11 Yupeng Ji , Yibo Cao , Jiucai Liu

Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) are propelling us toward artificial general intelligence with their remarkable emergent abilities and reasoning capabilities. However, the substantial computational and memory requirements…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Ruihao Gong , Yang Yong , Shiqiao Gu , Yushi Huang , Chengtao Lv , Yunchen Zhang , Xianglong Liu , Dacheng Tao

This work investigates the ability of open Large Language Models (LLMs) to predict citation intent through in-context learning and fine-tuning. Unlike traditional approaches relying on domain-specific pre-trained models like SciBERT, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-17 Paris Koloveas , Serafeim Chatzopoulos , Thanasis Vergoulis , Christos Tryfonopoulos

Despite the significant progress made in practical applications of aligned language models (LMs), they tend to be overconfident in output answers compared to the corresponding pre-trained LMs. In this work, we systematically evaluate the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-21 Guande He , Peng Cui , Jianfei Chen , Wenbo Hu , Jun Zhu

Users of Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) may write letter-by-letter via an interface that uses a character language model. However, most state-of-the-art large pretrained language models predict subword tokens of variable…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Dylan Gaines , Keith Vertanen

Despite the impressive performance of large language models (LLMs), they often lag behind specialized models in various tasks. LLMs only use a fraction of the existing training data for in-context learning, while task-specific models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-02 Giorgos Vernikos , Arthur Bražinskas , Jakub Adamek , Jonathan Mallinson , Aliaksei Severyn , Eric Malmi

Ensuring that deep learning models are well-calibrated in terms of their predictive uncertainty is essential in maintaining their trustworthiness and reliability, yet despite increasing advances in foundation model research, the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-06 Jerry Huang , Peng Lu , Qiuhao Zeng , Yusuke Iwasawa , Yutaka Matsuo , Sarath Chandar , Edison Marrese-Taylor , Irene Li

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable adaptability, showcasing their capacity to excel in tasks for which they were not explicitly trained. However, despite their impressive natural language processing (NLP)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-08 Supun Manathunga , Isuru Hettigoda
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