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We draw connections between simple neural networks and under-determined linear systems to comprehensively explore several interesting theoretical questions in the study of neural networks. First, we emphatically show that it is unsurprising…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2020-11-02 Austin R. Benson , Anil Damle , Alex Townsend

A ReLU neural network leads to a finite polyhedral decomposition of input space and a corresponding finite dual graph. We show that while this dual graph is a coarse quantization of input space, it is sufficiently robust that it can be…

Algebraic Topology · Mathematics 2023-07-03 Yajing Liu , Christina M Cole , Chris Peterson , Michael Kirby

A possible path to the interpretability of neural networks is to (approximately) represent them in the regional format of piecewise linear functions, where regions of inputs are associated to linear functions computing the network outputs.…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-06-09 Sandro Preto , Marcelo Finger

The paper briefy reviews several recent results on hierarchical architectures for learning from examples, that may formally explain the conditions under which Deep Convolutional Neural Networks perform much better in function approximation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-08-12 Hrushikesh Mhaskar , Tomaso Poggio

This paper investigates the ability of finite samples to identify two-layer irreducible shallow networks with various nonlinear activation functions, including rectified linear units (ReLU) and analytic functions such as the logistic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Yu Xia , Zhiqiang Xu

We investigate the implications of removing bias in ReLU networks regarding their expressivity and learning dynamics. We first show that two-layer bias-free ReLU networks have limited expressivity: the only odd function two-layer bias-free…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-29 Yedi Zhang , Andrew Saxe , Peter E. Latham

Deep neural networks (DNNs), particularly those using Rectified Linear Unit (ReLU) activation functions, have achieved remarkable success across diverse machine learning tasks, including image recognition, audio processing, and language…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Emi Zeger , Mert Pilanci

There is some theoretical evidence that deep neural networks with multiple hidden layers have a potential for more efficient representation of multidimensional mappings than shallow networks with a single hidden layer. The question is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-08 Bernhard Bermeitinger , Tomas Hrycej , Siegfried Handschuh

Understanding the relationship between the depth of a neural network and its representational capacity is a central problem in deep learning theory. In this work, we develop a geometric framework to analyze the expressivity of ReLU networks…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Juan L. Valerdi

This work studies the expressivity of ReLU neural networks with a focus on their depth. A sequence of previous works showed that $\lceil \log_2(n+1) \rceil$ hidden layers are sufficient to compute all continuous piecewise linear (CPWL)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-23 Egor Bakaev , Florestan Brunck , Christoph Hertrich , Jack Stade , Amir Yehudayoff

An increasingly popular machine learning paradigm is to pretrain a neural network (NN) on many tasks offline, then adapt it to downstream tasks, often by re-training only the last linear layer of the network. This approach yields strong…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-10 Liam Collins , Hamed Hassani , Mahdi Soltanolkotabi , Aryan Mokhtari , Sanjay Shakkottai

This paper explores the implicit bias of overparameterized neural networks of depth greater than two layers. Our framework considers a family of networks of varying depth that all have the same capacity but different implicitly defined…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-03 Greg Ongie , Rebecca Willett

Deep neural network with rectified linear units (ReLU) is getting more and more popular recently. However, the derivatives of the function represented by a ReLU network are not continuous, which limit the usage of ReLU network to situations…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-03 Bo Li , Shanshan Tang , Haijun Yu

It is difficult to describe in mathematical terms what a neural network trained on data represents. On the other hand, there is a growing mathematical understanding of what neural networks are in principle capable of representing.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-25 Daan Huybrechs

This paper studies the approximation property of ReLU neural networks (NNs) to piecewise constant functions with unknown interfaces in bounded regions in $\mathbb{R}^d$. Under the assumption that the discontinuity interface $\Gamma$ may be…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2024-10-23 Zhiqiang Cai , Junpyo Choi , Min Liu

There is a longstanding debate whether the Kolmogorov-Arnold representation theorem can explain the use of more than one hidden layer in neural networks. The Kolmogorov-Arnold representation decomposes a multivariate function into an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-01-05 Johannes Schmidt-Hieber

Mechanistic interpretability aims to explain what a neural network has learned at a nuts-and-bolts level. What are the fundamental primitives of neural network representations? Previous mechanistic descriptions have used individual neurons…

We prove that training neural networks on 1-D data is equivalent to solving convex Lasso problems with discrete, explicitly defined dictionary matrices. We consider neural networks with piecewise linear activations and depths ranging from 2…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-25 Emi Zeger , Yifei Wang , Aaron Mishkin , Tolga Ergen , Emmanuel Candès , Mert Pilanci

It has been demonstrated in various contexts that monotonicity leads to better explainability in neural networks. However, not every function can be well approximated by a monotone neural network. We demonstrate that monotonicity can still…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-15 Jakob Paul Zimmermann , Georg Loho

We study regularized deep neural networks (DNNs) and introduce a convex analytic framework to characterize the structure of the hidden layers. We show that a set of optimal hidden layer weights for a norm regularized DNN training problem…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-14 Tolga Ergen , Mert Pilanci