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Playing games has a long history of describing intricate interactions in simplified forms. In this paper we explore if large language models (LLMs) can play games, investigating their capabilities for randomisation and strategic adaptation…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-05 Alicia Vidler , Toby Walsh

Large language models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT and GPT-4 have recently demonstrated their remarkable abilities of communicating with human users. In this technical report, we take an initiative to investigate their capacities of playing text…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Chen Feng Tsai , Xiaochen Zhou , Sierra S. Liu , Jing Li , Mo Yu , Hongyuan Mei

We investigate the extent to which contemporary Large Language Models (LLMs) can engage in exploration, a core capability in reinforcement learning and decision making. We focus on native performance of existing LLMs, without training…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-30 Akshay Krishnamurthy , Keegan Harris , Dylan J. Foster , Cyril Zhang , Aleksandrs Slivkins

We explore the use of GPT-4 on a humanoid robot in simulation and the real world as proof of concept of a novel large language model (LLM) driven behaviour method. LLMs have shown the ability to perform various tasks, including robotic…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Thomas O'Brien , Ysobel Sims

Large Language Models (LLMs) have been increasingly used in real-world settings, yet their strategic decision-making abilities remain largely unexplored. To fully benefit from the potential of LLMs, it's essential to understand their…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-16 Nathan Herr , Fernando Acero , Roberta Raileanu , María Pérez-Ortiz , Zhibin Li

Large Language Models (LLMs) have revolutionized the field of Natural Language Processing thanks to their ability to reuse knowledge acquired on massive text corpora on a wide variety of downstream tasks, with minimal (if any) tuning steps.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-12 Flavio Petruzzellis , Alberto Testolin , Alessandro Sperduti

This paper examines the reasoning capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) from a novel perspective, focusing on their ability to operate within formally specified, rule-governed environments. We evaluate four LLMs (Gemini 2.5 Pro and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Maciej Świechowski , Adam Żychowski , Jacek Mańdziuk

LLMs are increasingly used in applications where they interact with humans and other agents. We propose to use behavioural game theory to study LLM's cooperation and coordination behaviour. We let different LLMs play finitely repeated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-13 Elif Akata , Lion Schulz , Julian Coda-Forno , Seong Joon Oh , Matthias Bethge , Eric Schulz

In recent years, large language models (LLMs) have become increasingly capable and can now interact with tools (i.e., call functions), read documents, and recursively call themselves. As a result, these LLMs can now function autonomously as…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-02-19 Richard Fang , Rohan Bindu , Akul Gupta , Qiusi Zhan , Daniel Kang

As Large Language Models (LLMs) are integrated into critical real-world applications, their strategic and logical reasoning abilities are increasingly crucial. This paper evaluates LLMs' reasoning abilities in competitive environments…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Jinhao Duan , Renming Zhang , James Diffenderfer , Bhavya Kailkhura , Lichao Sun , Elias Stengel-Eskin , Mohit Bansal , Tianlong Chen , Kaidi Xu

The disruptive technology provided by large-scale pre-trained language models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT or GPT-4 has received significant attention in several application domains, often with an emphasis on high-level opportunities and…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-06-27 Philippe J. Giabbanelli

The overwhelming success of GPT-4 in early 2023 highlighted the transformative potential of large language models (LLMs) across various sectors, including national security. This article explores the implications of LLM integration within…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-07-08 William N. Caballero , Phillip R. Jenkins

Large language models (LLMs) are now highly capable at a diverse range of tasks. This paper studies whether or not GPT-4, one such LLM, is capable of assisting researchers in the field of adversarial machine learning. As a case study, we…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-07-28 Nicholas Carlini

This study explores the application of Large Language Models (LLMs), specifically GPT-4, in the analysis of classroom dialogue, a crucial research task for both teaching diagnosis and quality improvement. Recognizing the knowledge-intensive…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Yun Long , Haifeng Luo , Yu Zhang

This paper investigates the strategic decision-making capabilities of three Large Language Models (LLMs): GPT-3.5, GPT-4, and LLaMa-2, within the framework of game theory. Utilizing four canonical two-player games -- Prisoner's Dilemma,…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2023-09-13 Nunzio Lorè , Babak Heydari

Unlike perfect information games, where all elements are known to every player, imperfect information games emulate the real-world complexities of decision-making under uncertain or incomplete information. GPT-4, the recent breakthrough in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-09-04 Jiaxian Guo , Bo Yang , Paul Yoo , Bill Yuchen Lin , Yusuke Iwasawa , Yutaka Matsuo

In robotics, the use of Large Language Models (LLMs) is becoming prevalent, especially for understanding human commands. In particular, LLMs are utilized as domain-agnostic task planners for high-level human commands. LLMs are capable of…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-04-08 Gawon Choi , Hyemin Ahn

We investigated the capability of the GPT-3.5 large language model (LLM) to operationalize natural language descriptions of cooperative, competitive, altruistic, and self-interested behavior in two social dilemmas: the repeated Prisoners…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Steve Phelps , Yvan I. Russell

Large Language Models (LLM) have recently been shown to perform well at various tasks from language understanding, reasoning, storytelling, and information search to theory of mind. In an extension of this work, we explore the ability of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Nutchanon Yongsatianchot , Tobias Thejll-Madsen , Stacy Marsella

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in natural language understanding and generation across various domains, including medicine. We present a comprehensive evaluation of GPT-4, a state-of-the-art LLM, on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-04-13 Harsha Nori , Nicholas King , Scott Mayer McKinney , Dean Carignan , Eric Horvitz
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