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We consider the imaginary Gaussian multiplicative chaos, i.e. the complex Wick exponential $\mu_\beta := :e^{i\beta \Gamma(x)}:$ for a log-correlated Gaussian field $\Gamma$ in $d \geq 1$ dimensions. We prove a basic density result, showing…

Probability · Mathematics 2025-12-01 Juhan Aru , Antoine Jego , Janne Junnila

We show that the imaginary multiplicative chaos $\exp(i\beta \Gamma)$ determines the gradient of the underlying field $\Gamma$ for all log-correlated Gaussian fields with covariance of the form $-\log |x-y| + g(x,y)$ with mild regularity…

Probability · Mathematics 2021-02-03 Juhan Aru , Janne Junnila

In this note we continue the study of imaginary multiplicative chaos $\mu_\beta := \exp(i \beta \Gamma)$, where $\Gamma$ is a two-dimensional continuum Gaussian free field. We concentrate here on the fine-scale analytic properties of…

Probability · Mathematics 2025-01-17 Juhan Aru , Guillaume Baverez , Antoine Jego , Janne Junnila

Denote by $\mu_\beta="\exp(\beta X)"$ the Gaussian multiplicative chaos which is defined using a log-correlated Gaussian field $X$ on a domain $U\subset\mathbb{R}^d$. The case $\beta\in\mathbb{R}$ has been studied quite intensively, and…

Probability · Mathematics 2019-05-30 Janne Junnila , Eero Saksman , Lauri Viitasaari

In this article we study imaginary Gaussian multiplicative chaos -- namely a family of random generalized functions which can formally be written as $e^{i X(x)}$, where $X$ is a log-correlated real-valued Gaussian field on $\mathbb{R}^d$,…

Probability · Mathematics 2018-12-21 Janne Junnila , Eero Saksman , Christian Webb

We study the high-frequency Fourier asymptotics of imaginary Gaussian multiplicative chaos on the unit circle, a complex-valued random distribution formally given by $\mathrm M_{\mathrm i\beta}=\exp(\mathrm i\beta X)$, where $X$ is a…

Probability · Mathematics 2026-05-13 Benjamin Bonnefont , Hermanni Rajamäki , Vincent Vargas

We study non-Gaussian log-correlated multiplicative chaos, where the random field is defined as a sum of independent fields that satisfy suitable moment and regularity conditions. The convergence, existence of moments and analyticity with…

Probability · Mathematics 2016-06-30 Janne Junnila

We derive the equation of matter density perturbations on sub-horizon scales around a flat Friedmann-Lema\^\i tre-Robertson-Walker background for the general Lagrangian density $f(R,\GB)$ that is a function of a Ricci scalar $R$ and a…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2011-05-13 Antonio De Felice , Teruaki Suyama

Gaussian Multiplicative Chaos (GMC) is informally defined as a random measure $e^{\gamma X} \mathrm{d} x$ where $X$ is Gaussian field on $\mathbb R^d$ (or an open subset of it) whose correlation function is of the form $ K(x,y)= \log…

Probability · Mathematics 2020-12-23 Hubert Lacoin

In this article, we consider the multiplicative chaos measure associated to the log-correlated random Fourier series, or random wave model, with i.i.d. coefficients taken from a general class of distributions. This measure was shown to be…

Probability · Mathematics 2025-12-17 Yujin H. Kim , Xaver Kriechbaum

We consider $N\times N$ matrices $X$ with independent, identically distributed entries, and prove that the sequence of measures $\frac{ | \det (X-z)|^\gamma}{\mathbb{E}[ | \det (X-z)|^\gamma]}$ converge to the Gaussian Multiplicative Chaos…

Probability · Mathematics 2026-05-29 Giorgio Cipolloni , Benjamin Landon

Let $\alpha$ be a Steinhaus random multiplicative function. For a wide class of multiplicative functions $f$ we construct a multiplicative chaos measure arising from the Dirichlet series of $\alpha f$, in the whole $L^1$-regime. Our method…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2025-09-16 Ofir Gorodetsky , Mo Dick Wong

In the present paper, we show that (under some minor technical assumption) Complex Gaussian Multiplicative Chaos defined as the complex exponential of a $\log$-correlated Gaussian field can be obtained by taking the limit of the exponential…

Probability · Mathematics 2020-12-01 Hubert Lacoin

The objective of this note is to study the probability that the total mass of a sub-critical Gaussian multiplicative chaos (GMC) with arbitrary base measure $\sigma$ is small. When $\sigma$ has some continuous density w.r.t Lebesgue…

Probability · Mathematics 2019-01-23 Christophe Garban , Nina Holden , Avelio Sepúlveda , Xin Sun

A simple condition is given that is sufficient to determine whether a measure that is absolutely continuous with respect to a Gau{\ss}ian measure on the space of distributions is reflection positive. It readily generalises conventional…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2024-10-08 Jobst Ziebell

We show that, for general convolution approximations to a large class of log-correlated Gaussian fields, the properly normalised supercritical Gaussian multiplicative chaos measures converge stably to a nontrivial limit. This limit depends…

Probability · Mathematics 2025-12-01 Federico Bertacco , Martin Hairer

We study when a given Gaussian random variable on a given probability space $(\Omega, {\cal{F}}, P) $ is equal almost surely to $\beta_{1}$ where $\beta $ is a Brownian motion defined on the same (or possibly extended) probability space. As…

Probability · Mathematics 2009-08-24 Ciprian Tudor

A completely elementary and self-contained proof of convergence of Gaussian multiplicative chaos is given. The argument shows further that the limiting random measure is nontrivial in the entire subcritical phase $(\gamma < \sqrt{2d})$ and…

Probability · Mathematics 2017-10-31 Nathanaël Berestycki

This work includes a new characterization of the multivariate normal distribution. In particular, it is shown that a positive density function $f$ is Gaussian if and only if the $f(x+ y)/f(x)$ is convex in $x$ for every $y$. This result has…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2022-03-04 Royi Jacobovic , Offer Kella

Given a measure $\nu$ on a regular planar domain $D$, the Gaussian multiplicative chaos measure of $\nu$ studied in this paper is the random measure ${\widetilde \nu}$ obtained as the limit of the exponential of the $\gamma$-parameter…

Probability · Mathematics 2018-12-14 Kenneth Falconer , Xiong Jin
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