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We investigate an AND-OR tree T and a probability distribution d on the truth assignments to the leaves. Tarsi (1983) showed that if d is an independent and identical distribution (IID) such that probability of a leaf having value 0 is…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2024-06-03 Mika Shigemizu , Toshio Suzuki , Koki Usami

We show that the expected size of the maximum agreement subtree of two $n$-leaf trees, uniformly random among all trees with the shape, is $\Theta(\sqrt{n})$. To derive the lower bound, we prove a global structural result on a decomposition…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2018-09-13 Pratik Misra , Seth Sullivant

This paper introduces a new combinatorial framework for modeling the growth of binary trees through a discrete evolution process that incorporates a growing rule and an extinction rule. Building upon the theory of increasingly labeled…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-03-30 Olivier Bodini , Antoine Genitrini , Khaydar Nurligareev

We study the growth of a time-ordered rooted tree by probabilistic attachment of new vertices to leaves. We construct a likelihood function of the leaves based on the connectivity of the tree. We take such connectivity to be induced by the…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2020-11-03 Nomvelo Sibisi

We introduce a new model of random tree that grows like a random recursive tree, except at some exceptional "doubling events" when the tree is replaced by two copies of itself attached to a new root. We prove asymptotic results for the size…

Probability · Mathematics 2025-12-08 Jakob E. Björnberg , Cécile Mailler

We introduce an extension of the P\'olya tree approach for constructing distributions on the space of probability measures. By using optional stopping and optional choice of splitting variables, the construction gives rise to random…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2010-10-05 Wing H. Wong , Li Ma

Given i.i.d. data from an unknown distribution, we consider the problem of predicting future items. An adaptive way to estimate the probability density is to recursively subdivide the domain to an appropriate data-dependent granularity. A…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2007-06-13 Marcus Hutter

We consider a probability distribution on the set of Boolean functions in n variables which is induced by random Boolean expressions. Such an expression is a random rooted plane tree where the internal vertices are labelled with connectives…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2015-09-28 Antoine Genitrini , Bernhard Gittenberger , Veronika Kraus , Cécile Mailler

The spread of infectious disease in a human community or the proliferation of fake news on social media can be modeled as a randomly growing tree-shaped graph. The history of the random growth process is often unobserved but contains…

Probability · Mathematics 2021-01-15 Harry Crane , Min Xu

We consider planar rooted random trees whose distribution is even for fixed height $h$ and size $N$ and whose height dependence is given by a power function $h^\alpha$. Defining the total weight for such trees of fixed size to be $Z_N$, a…

Probability · Mathematics 2023-04-05 Bergfinnur Durhuus , Meltem Ünel

We study the extreme local structure of plane binary trees through the distribution of leaves at maximum depth. We first address two basic questions: (i) the asymptotic probability that exactly two leaves occur at the deepest level, and…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-05-14 Olivier Bodini , Antoine Genitrini , Khaydar Nurligareev

Motivated by online recommendation systems, we study a family of random forests. The vertices of the forest are labeled by integers. Each non-positive integer $i\le 0$ is the root of a tree. Vertices labeled by positive integers $n \ge 1$…

Probability · Mathematics 2024-02-27 Nicolas Broutin , Luc Devroye , Gabor Lugosi , Roberto Imbuzeiro Oliveira

Applying a method to reconstruct a phylogenetic tree from random data provides a way to detect whether that method has an inherent bias towards certain tree `shapes'. For maximum parsimony, applied to a sequence of random 2-state data, each…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2014-06-03 Mareike Fischer , Michelle Galla , Lina Herbst , Mike Steel

Given i.i.d. data from an unknown distribution, we consider the problem of predicting future items. An adaptive way to estimate the probability density is to recursively subdivide the domain to an appropriate data-dependent granularity. A…

Probability · Mathematics 2009-12-30 Marcus Hutter

Binary search trees (BST) are a popular type of data structure when dealing with ordered data. Indeed, they enable one to access and modify data efficiently, with their height corresponding to the worst retrieval time. From a probabilistic…

Probability · Mathematics 2025-01-28 Benoît Corsini , Victor Dubach , Valentin Féray

A fringe subtree of a rooted tree is a subtree consisting of one of the nodes and all its descendants. In this paper, we are specifically interested in the number of non-isomorphic trees that appear in the collection of all fringe subtrees…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2020-03-09 Louisa Seelbach Benkner , Stephan Wagner

Given a set S of n \geq d points in general position in R^d, a random hyperplane split is obtained by sampling d points uniformly at random without replacement from S and splitting based on their affine hull. A random hyperplane search tree…

Computational Geometry · Computer Science 2011-06-03 Luc Devroye , James King

Given a permutation $\sigma$, its corresponding binary search tree is obtained by recursively inserting the values $\sigma(1),\ldots,\sigma(n)$ into a binary tree so that the label of each node is larger than the labels of its left subtree…

Probability · Mathematics 2021-12-13 Benoît Corsini

We study the size and the external path length of random tries and show that they are asymptotically independent in the asymmetric case but strongly dependent with small periodic fluctuations in the symmetric case. Such an unexpected…

Probability · Mathematics 2017-01-11 Michael Fuchs , Hsien-Kuei Hwang

We study effective randomness-preserving transformations of path-incompressible trees. Some path-incompressible trees with infinitely many paths do not compute perfect path-random trees with computable oracle-use. Sparse perfect…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-01-11 George Barmpalias , Xiaoyan Zhang