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Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) offers a natural solution for settings where only coarse, bag-level labels are available, without having access to instance-level annotations. This is usually the case in digital pathology, which consists of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Andreas Lolos , Stergios Christodoulidis , Aris L. Moustakas , Jose Dolz , Maria Vakalopoulou

Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) is a widely employed framework for learning on gigapixel whole-slide images (WSIs) from WSI-level annotations. In most MIL based analytical pipelines for WSI-level analysis, the WSIs are often divided into…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-11-01 Imaad Zaffar , Guillaume Jaume , Nasir Rajpoot , Faisal Mahmood

Digital histopathology whole slide images (WSIs) provide gigapixel-scale high-resolution images that are highly useful for disease diagnosis. However, digital histopathology image analysis faces significant challenges due to the limited…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Bodong Zhang , Xiwen Li , Hamid Manoochehri , Xiaoya Tang , Deepika Sirohi , Beatrice S. Knudsen , Tolga Tasdizen

Whole Slide Images (WSIs) are typically analyzed using multiple instance learning (MIL) methods. However, the scale and heterogeneity of WSIs generate highly redundant and dispersed information, making it difficult to identify and integrate…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Yueting Zhu , Yuehao Song , Shuai Zhang , Wenyu Liu , Xinggang Wang

Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) has been widely used in weakly supervised whole slide image (WSI) classification. Typical MIL methods include a feature embedding part, which embeds the instances into features via a pre-trained feature…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-08-02 Peijie Qiu , Pan Xiao , Wenhui Zhu , Yalin Wang , Aristeidis Sotiras

Multi-instance learning (MIL) deals with objects represented as bags of instances and can predict instance labels from bag-level supervision. However, significant performance gaps exist between instance-level MIL algorithms and supervised…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-06 Weijia Zhang , Xuanhui Zhang , Han-Wen Deng , Min-Ling Zhang

Whole slide image (WSI) classification is a critical task in computational pathology. However, the gigapixel-size of such images remains a major challenge for the current state of deep-learning. Current methods rely on multiple-instance…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-10-04 Etienne Pochet , Rami Maroun , Roger Trullo

Although multi-instance learning (MIL) has succeeded in pathological image classification, it faces the challenge of high inference costs due to the need to process thousands of patches from each gigapixel whole slide image (WSI). To…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-08 Jiuyang Dong , Jiahan Li , Junjun Jiang , Kui Jiang , Yongbing Zhang

Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) gains popularity in many real-life machine learning applications due to its weakly supervised nature. However, the corresponding effort on explaining MIL lags behind, and it is usually limited to presenting…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-07 Dawid Rymarczyk , Adam Pardyl , Jarosław Kraus , Aneta Kaczyńska , Marek Skomorowski , Bartosz Zieliński

Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) has emerged as a promising paradigm for Whole Slide Image (WSI) diagnosis, offering effective learning with limited annotations. However, existing MIL frameworks overlook diagnostic priorities and fail to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Sungrae Hong , Jiwon Jeong , Jisu Shin , Donghee Han , Sol Lee , Kyungeun Kim , Mun Yong Yi

Whole Slide Image (WSI) classification relies on Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) with spatial patch features, yet existing methods struggle to capture global dependencies due to the immense size of WSIs and the local nature of patch…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Anthony Bilic , Guangyu Sun , Ming Li , Md Sanzid Bin Hossain , Yu Tian , Wei Zhang , Laura Brattain , Dexter Hadley , Chen Chen

In computational pathology, whole-slide image (WSI) classification presents a formidable challenge due to its gigapixel resolution and limited fine-grained annotations. Multiple-instance learning (MIL) offers a weakly supervised solution,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-09-06 Renao Yan , Qiehe Sun , Cheng Jin , Yiqing Liu , Yonghong He , Tian Guan , Hao Chen

Multiple instance learning (MIL) is an effective and widely used approach for weakly supervised machine learning. In histopathology, MIL models have achieved remarkable success in tasks like tumor detection, biomarker prediction, and…

State Space Models (SSMs), especially recent Mamba architecture, have achieved remarkable success in sequence modeling tasks. However, extending SSMs to computer vision remains challenging due to the non-sequential structure of visual data…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Puskal Khadka , KC Santosh

Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) is a popular weakly-supervised method for various applications, with a particular interest in histological whole slide image (WSI) classification. Due to the gigapixel resolution of WSI, applications of MIL…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Wenhui Zhu , Peijie Qiu , Xiwen Chen , Zhangsihao Yang , Aristeidis Sotiras , Abolfazl Razi , Yalin Wang

Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) has been widely applied to medical imaging diagnosis, where bag labels are known and instance labels inside bags are unknown. Traditional MIL assumes that instances in each bag are independent samples from a…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-07-19 Yunan Wu , Francisco M. Castro-Macías , Pablo Morales-Álvarez , Rafael Molina , Aggelos K. Katsaggelos

Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) models have proven effective for cancer prognosis from Whole Slide Images. However, the original MIL formulation incorrectly assumes the patches of the same image to be independent, leading to a loss of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-08-13 Thiziri Nait Saada , Valentina Di Proietto , Benoit Schmauch , Katharina Von Loga , Lucas Fidon

Histomorphology is crucial in cancer diagnosis. However, existing whole slide image (WSI) classification methods struggle to effectively incorporate histomorphology information, limiting their ability to capture key pathological features.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Baizhi Wang , Rui Yan , Wenxin Ma , Xu Zhang , Yuhao Wang , Xiaolong Li , Yunjie Gu , Zihang Jiang , S. Kevin Zhou

Oncologists often rely on a multitude of data, including whole-slide images (WSIs), to guide therapeutic decisions, aiming for the best patient outcome. However, predicting the prognosis of cancer patients can be a challenging task due to…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-04-01 M Rita Verdelho , Alexandre Bernardino , Catarina Barata

Few-shot class-incremental learning (FSCIL) aims to incrementally learn novel classes from limited examples while preserving knowledge of previously learned classes. Existing methods face a critical dilemma: static architectures rely on a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-30 Xiaojie Li , Yibo Yang , Jianlong Wu , Yue Yu , Ming-Hsuan Yang , Liqiang Nie , Min Zhang