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The effectiveness of watermark algorithms in AI-generated text identification has garnered significant attention. Concurrently, an increasing number of watermark algorithms have been proposed to enhance the robustness against various…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-01 Xianheng Feng , Jian Liu , Kui Ren , Chun Chen

We present REMARK-LLM, a novel efficient, and robust watermarking framework designed for texts generated by large language models (LLMs). Synthesizing human-like content using LLMs necessitates vast computational resources and extensive…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-04-09 Ruisi Zhang , Shehzeen Samarah Hussain , Paarth Neekhara , Farinaz Koushanfar

Given a text, can we determine whether it was generated by a large language model (LLM) or by a human? A widely studied approach to this problem is watermarking. We propose an undetectable and elementary watermarking scheme in the closed…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-26 Pedro Abdalla , Roman Vershynin

Text watermarking for Large Language Models (LLMs) has made significant progress in detecting LLM outputs and preventing misuse. Current watermarking techniques offer high detectability, minimal impact on text quality, and robustness to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-01-29 Aiwei Liu , Sheng Guan , Yiming Liu , Leyi Pan , Yifei Zhang , Liancheng Fang , Lijie Wen , Philip S. Yu , Xuming Hu

The task of discerning between generated and natural texts is increasingly challenging. In this context, watermarking emerges as a promising technique for ascribing generated text to a specific model. It alters the sampling generation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-09 Pierre Fernandez , Antoine Chaffin , Karim Tit , Vivien Chappelier , Teddy Furon

Large language models generate high-quality responses with potential misinformation, underscoring the need for regulation by distinguishing AI-generated and human-written texts. Watermarking is pivotal in this context, which involves…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-07 Mingjia Huo , Sai Ashish Somayajula , Youwei Liang , Ruisi Zhang , Farinaz Koushanfar , Pengtao Xie

Watermarking has emerged as a promising way to detect LLM-generated text, by augmenting LLM generations with later detectable signals. Recent work has proposed multiple families of watermarking schemes, several of which focus on preserving…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Thibaud Gloaguen , Nikola Jovanović , Robin Staab , Martin Vechev

Watermark algorithms for large language models (LLMs) have achieved extremely high accuracy in detecting text generated by LLMs. Such algorithms typically involve adding extra watermark logits to the LLM's logits at each generation step.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-05-21 Aiwei Liu , Leyi Pan , Xuming Hu , Shiao Meng , Lijie Wen

Watermarking is an effective way to trace model-generated content. Current watermark methods cannot resist forgery attacks, such as a deceptive claim that the model-generated content is a response to a fabricated prompt. None of them can be…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-12-30 Minhao Bai

Recent advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs) raised concerns over potential misuse, such as for spreading misinformation. In response two counter measures emerged: machine learning-based detectors that predict if text is synthetic,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-17 David Khachaturov , Robert Mullins , Ilia Shumailov , Sumanth Dathathri

Recent advances in Large Language Models (LLMs) have led to significant improvements in natural language processing tasks, but their ability to generate human-quality text raises significant ethical and operational concerns in settings…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-01-27 Adam Block , Ayush Sekhari , Alexander Rakhlin

LLM watermarking, which embeds imperceptible yet algorithmically detectable signals in model outputs to identify LLM-generated text, has become crucial in mitigating the potential misuse of large language models. However, the abundance of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Leyi Pan , Aiwei Liu , Zhiwei He , Zitian Gao , Xuandong Zhao , Yijian Lu , Binglin Zhou , Shuliang Liu , Xuming Hu , Lijie Wen , Irwin King , Philip S. Yu

Watermarking techniques offer a promising way to identify machine-generated content via embedding covert information into the contents generated from language models (LMs). However, the robustness of the watermarking schemes has not been…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-04 Ruibo Chen , Yihan Wu , Junfeng Guo , Heng Huang

Watermarking algorithms for large language models (LLMs) have attained high accuracy in detecting LLM-generated text. However, existing methods primarily focus on distinguishing fully watermarked text from non-watermarked text, overlooking…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Leyi Pan , Aiwei Liu , Yijian Lu , Zitian Gao , Yichen Di , Shiyu Huang , Lijie Wen , Irwin King , Philip S. Yu

A recent and exciting thread of work focuses on developing methods for watermarking the output of large language models (LLMs). We focus on provably undetectable watermarking-that is, schemes that do not alter the output distribution of the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Noam Mazor , Andrew Morgan , Rafael Pass

The development of large language models (LLMs) has raised concerns about potential misuse. One practical solution is to embed a watermark in the text, allowing ownership verification through watermark extraction. Existing methods primarily…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Yuhang Cai , Yaofei Wang , Donghui Hu , Chen Gu

Various watermarking methods (``watermarkers'') have been proposed to identify LLM-generated texts; yet, due to the lack of unified evaluation platforms, many critical questions remain under-explored: i) What are the strengths/limitations…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Jiacheng Liang , Zian Wang , Lauren Hong , Shouling Ji , Ting Wang

Large language models (LLMs) demonstrate general intelligence across a variety of machine learning tasks, thereby enhancing the commercial value of their intellectual property (IP). To protect this IP, model owners typically allow user…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-01-14 Kaiyi Pang , Tao Qi , Chuhan Wu , Minhao Bai , Minghu Jiang , Yongfeng Huang

Large language models (LLMs) are pre-trained and post-trained on vast amounts of loosely curated data, raising the possibility that these models may have been trained on proprietary datasets or the same benchmarks used for evaluation. This…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Pengrun Huang , Kamalika Chaudhuri , Yu-Xiang Wang

Watermarking has recently emerged as an effective strategy for detecting the outputs of large language models (LLMs). Most existing schemes require white-box access to the model's next-token probability distribution, which is typically not…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Dara Bahri , John Wieting