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Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in safety-critical domains, yet remain susceptible to hallucinations. While prior works have proposed confidence representation methods for hallucination detection, most of these…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-17 Elyes Hajji , Aymen Bouguerra , Fabio Arnez

Large Language Models (LLMs) tend to be unreliable in the factuality of their answers. To address this problem, NLP researchers have proposed a range of techniques to estimate LLM's confidence over facts. However, due to the lack of a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-28 Matéo Mahaut , Laura Aina , Paula Czarnowska , Momchil Hardalov , Thomas Müller , Lluís Màrquez

Recently, Large Language Models (LLMs) have drawn significant attention due to their outstanding reasoning capabilities and extensive knowledge repository, positioning them as superior in handling various natural language processing tasks…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-30 Han Cao , Lingwei Wei , Mengyang Chen , Wei Zhou , Songlin Hu

Large language models (LLMs) have been shown to possess impressive capabilities, while also raising crucial concerns about the faithfulness of their responses. A primary issue arising in this context is the management of (un)answerable…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-14 Aviv Slobodkin , Omer Goldman , Avi Caciularu , Ido Dagan , Shauli Ravfogel

Hallucinations pose a significant challenge to the reliability and alignment of Large Language Models (LLMs), limiting their widespread acceptance beyond chatbot applications. Despite ongoing efforts, hallucinations remain a prevalent…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-27 Cem Uluoglakci , Tugba Taskaya Temizel

Claim-level Uncertainty Quantification (UQ) is a promising approach to mitigate the lack of reliability in Large Language Models (LLMs). We introduce MUCH, the first claim-level UQ benchmark designed for fair and reproducible evaluation of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-23 Jérémie Dentan , Alexi Canesse , Davide Buscaldi , Aymen Shabou , Sonia Vanier

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved a degree of success in generating coherent and contextually relevant text, yet they remain prone to a significant challenge known as hallucination: producing information that is not substantiated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-28 Ray Li , Tanishka Bagade , Kevin Martinez , Flora Yasmin , Grant Ayala , Michael Lam , Kevin Zhu

Large Vision Language Models (LVLMs) have shown remarkable capabilities in multimodal tasks like visual question answering or image captioning. However, inconsistencies between the visual information and the generated text, a phenomenon…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-26 Laura Fieback , Jakob Spiegelberg , Hanno Gottschalk

The increasing prevalence of online misinformation has heightened the demand for automated fact-checking solutions. Large Language Models (LLMs) have emerged as potential tools for assisting in this task, but their effectiveness remains…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-03-10 Nicolo' Fontana , Francesco Corso , Enrico Zuccolotto , Francesco Pierri

Large Language Models tend to struggle when dealing with specialized domains. While all aspects of evaluation hold importance, factuality is the most critical one. Similarly, reliable fact-checking tools and data sources are essential for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Anum Afzal , Juraj Vladika , Florian Matthes

The detection of sophisticated hallucinations in Large Language Models (LLMs) is hampered by a ``Detection Dilemma'': methods probing internal states (Internal State Probing) excel at identifying factual inconsistencies but fail on logical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Yusheng Song , Lirong Qiu , Xi Zhang , Zhihao Tang

Large Language Models (LLMs) are known to produce hallucinations - factually incorrect or fabricated information - which poses significant challenges for many Natural Language Processing (NLP) applications, such as dialogue systems. As a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-11 Xiangyan Chen , Yufeng Li , Yujian Gan , Arkaitz Zubiaga , Matthew Purver

Large language models have shown impressive capabilities in code generation, yet they often produce functionally incorrect code. Uncertainty quantification (UQ) methods have emerged as a promising approach for detecting hallucinations in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Dylan Bouchard , Mohit Singh Chauhan , Zeya Ahmad , Ho-Kyeong Ra

Large language models (LLM) are generating information at a rapid pace, requiring users to increasingly rely and trust the data. Despite remarkable advances of LLM, Information generated by LLM is not completely trustworthy, due to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-25 Rick Rejeleene , Xiaowei Xu , John Talburt

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly employed in real-world applications, driving the need to evaluate the trustworthiness of their generated text. To this end, reliable uncertainty estimation is essential. Leading uncertainty…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Lukas Aichberger , Kajetan Schweighofer , Sepp Hochreiter

Uncertainty quantification (UQ) is a prominent approach for eliciting truthful answers from large language models (LLMs). To date, information-based and consistency-based UQ have been the dominant UQ methods for text generation via LLMs.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Artem Vazhentsev , Lyudmila Rvanova , Ivan Lazichny , Alexander Panchenko , Maxim Panov , Timothy Baldwin , Artem Shelmanov

Large language models (LLMs) frequently hallucinate and produce factual errors, yet our understanding of why they make these errors remains limited. In this study, we delve into the underlying mechanisms of LLM hallucinations from the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-13 Shiqi Chen , Miao Xiong , Junteng Liu , Zhengxuan Wu , Teng Xiao , Siyang Gao , Junxian He

Effective Uncertainty Quantification (UQ) represents a key aspect for reliable deployment of Large Language Models (LLMs) in automated decision-making and beyond. Yet, for LLM generation with multiple choice structure, the state-of-the-art…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Ramzi Dakhmouche , Adrien Letellier , Hossein Gorji

Understanding why a large language model (LLM) is uncertain about the response is important for their reliable deployment. Current approaches, which either provide a single uncertainty score or rely on the classical aleatoric-epistemic…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-27 Aditya Taparia , Ransalu Senanayake , Kowshik Thopalli , Vivek Narayanaswamy

Large language models (LLMs) have shown remarkable achievements in natural language processing tasks, producing high-quality outputs. However, LLMs still exhibit limitations, including the generation of factually incorrect information. In…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-17 Sridevi Wagle , Sai Munikoti , Anurag Acharya , Sara Smith , Sameera Horawalavithana