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Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) set the state-of-the-art in representation learning for graph-structured data. They are used in many domains, from online social networks to complex molecules. Most GNNs leverage the message-passing paradigm and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-06 Tuğrul Hasan Karabulut , İnci M. Baytaş

Graph neural networks (GNNs) are known to be vulnerable to oversmoothing due to their implicit homophily assumption. We mitigate this problem with a novel scheme that regulates the aggregation of messages, modulating the type and extent of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-03 Haishan Wang , Arno Solin , Vikas Garg

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have achieved a lot of success with graph-structured data. However, it is observed that the performance of GNNs does not improve (or even worsen) as the number of layers increases. This effect has known as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-10 Yeskendir Koishekenov

Most graph neural networks follow the message passing mechanism. However, it faces the over-smoothing problem when multiple times of message passing is applied to a graph, causing indistinguishable node representations and prevents the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-06 Yunchong Song , Chenghu Zhou , Xinbing Wang , Zhouhan Lin

Learning useful node and graph representations with graph neural networks (GNNs) is a challenging task. It is known that deep GNNs suffer from over-smoothing where, as the number of layers increases, node representations become nearly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-28 Pantelis Elinas , Edwin V. Bonilla

Graph neural networks (GNNs) have emerged as powerful tools for processing relational data in applications. However, GNNs suffer from the problem of oversmoothing, the property that the features of all nodes exponentially converge to the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-05-22 Bastian Epping , Alexandre René , Moritz Helias , Michael T. Schaub

Node features of graph neural networks (GNNs) tend to become more similar with the increase of the network depth. This effect is known as over-smoothing, which we axiomatically define as the exponential convergence of suitable similarity…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-21 T. Konstantin Rusch , Michael M. Bronstein , Siddhartha Mishra

Graph neural networks (GNNs) have become pivotal tools for processing graph-structured data, leveraging the message passing scheme as their core mechanism. However, traditional GNNs often grapple with issues such as instability,…

Spectral Theory · Mathematics 2026-05-20 Yuanhong Jiang , Dongmian Zou , Xiaoqun Zhang , Yu Guang Wang

There has been tremendous success in the field of graph neural networks (GNNs) as a result of the development of the message-passing (MP) layer, which updates the representation of a node by combining it with its neighbors to address…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-11 Hyeokjin Kwon , Jong-Min Lee

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) are models that leverage the graph structure to transmit information between nodes, typically through the message-passing operation. While widely successful, this approach is well known to suffer from the…

Geometric deep learning has made great strides towards generalizing the design of structure-aware neural networks from traditional domains to non-Euclidean ones, giving rise to graph neural networks (GNN) that can be applied to…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-10-28 Frederik Wenkel , Yimeng Min , Matthew Hirn , Michael Perlmutter , Guy Wolf

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have emerged as a cornerstone of deep learning, with most existing methods rooted in graph signal processing and diffusion equations to model message passing. However, these approaches inherently suffer from the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Zexing Zhao , Guangsi Shi , Yu Gong , Tianyu Wang , Shirui Pan , Hongye Cheng , Yuxiao Li

Oversmoothing in Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) refers to the phenomenon where increasing network depth leads to homogeneous node representations. While previous work has established that Graph Convolutional Networks (GCNs) exponentially lose…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-05 Xinyi Wu , Amir Ajorlou , Zihui Wu , Ali Jadbabaie

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have shown great potential in graph data analysis due to their powerful representation capabilities. However, as the network depth increases, the issue of over-smoothing becomes more severe, causing node…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-09 Kaichen Ouyang

Graph Convolutional Networks (GCN) are Graph Neural Networks where the convolutions are applied over a graph. In contrast to Convolutional Neural Networks, GCN's are designed to perform inference on graphs, where the number of nodes can…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-12 Adrian Moldovan , Angel Caţaron , Răzvan Andonie

Graph neural networks (GNNs), which learn the representation of a node by aggregating its neighbors, have become an effective computational tool in downstream applications. Over-smoothing is one of the key issues which limit the performance…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-15 Kaixiong Zhou , Xiao Huang , Yuening Li , Daochen Zha , Rui Chen , Xia Hu

Graph neural networks (GNNs) integrate deep architectures and topological structure modeling in an effective way. However, the performance of existing GNNs would decrease significantly when they stack many layers, because of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-07 Kaixiong Zhou , Xiao Huang , Daochen Zha , Rui Chen , Li Li , Soo-Hyun Choi , Xia Hu

While graph neural networks (GNNs) have allowed researchers to successfully apply neural networks to non-Euclidean domains, deep GNNs often exhibit lower predictive performance than their shallow counterparts. This phenomena has been…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Keqin Wang , Yulong Yang , Ishan Saha , Christine Allen-Blanchette

While Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) are powerful models for learning representations on graphs, most state-of-the-art models do not have significant accuracy gain beyond two to three layers. Deep GNNs fundamentally need to address: 1).…

With the increasing use of Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) in critical real-world applications, several post hoc explanation methods have been proposed to understand their predictions. However, there has been no work in generating explanations…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-02 Valentina Giunchiglia , Chirag Varun Shukla , Guadalupe Gonzalez , Chirag Agarwal
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